Fate in The Sign of the Four and She Essay -- Sign She

Fate in The Sign of the Four and She In life, it doesn't matter where you start, nor necessarily how you live, because in the end, fate will triumph over all obstacles and place you where you were destined to be.   Every individual has had some type of experience with an unexplainable force; on a larger scale, for instance, living through a physical disability or coping with the death of a loved one, but many times, on a smaller scale, fate mysteriously operates in everyday activities and situations.   The way in which fate functions in both extremes is undoubtedly unexplainable; however, the path in which fate designs for every person is predetermined and unavoidable.   It matters not if you are an all-time champion marathon runner or a poor, homeless vagabond, because fate has a charted course that is set in stone and impossible to alter.   For instance, the champion runner suddenly has a massive heart attack while on the homestretch of an important race and dies right on the spot, on the other han d, the homeless person haphazardly finds a winning lottery ticket on the ground and ultimately transforms his life.   These hypothetical instances are not chance, nor are they good or bad luck, they happen for a reason, a reason which cannot be understood, and one in which cannot be escaped. The idea of fate was covertly woven within the fabric of The Sign of the Four and She.   From Jonathan Small's wooden leg, the "solid iron chest of Indian workmanship" (221) containing the Agra treasure, to Ayesha's undying love (literally) for Kallikrates. Each situation vividly represents how the foundation of fate can inevitably shake up and change existence of being.   The character, Jonathan Small, in The Sign of t... ...cept what is handed to us on fates plate and learn to cope with it instead of avoiding the inevitable like the people in England when Queen Victoria ruled.   Throughout the ages, we have come a long way in understanding the dynamics of life: the progression of health and sciences, technology, and the uniting of diverse cultures and classes.   Time has revealed the hidden doubts of our predecessors, and with that, we have concluded that the future is wide open and bound to change at any given moment in time.   Nothing in life is fixed, but it is ever-changing, both on mental and physical levels.   We can attempt to improve the conditions in which we live, but when all is said and done, the final outcome is always what it is intended to be.   Our destiny is always intact and one, whether real or fictional characters, cannot escape the divine map of life.  Ã‚  

Pricey Game or Home Entertainment? Essay -- Sports, Venues, Base Ball

Throughout the United States sports has taken the consumer captive, by providing them with entertainment and pleasure. Sporting venues continues to rob their loyal fans by boosting the prices of tickets, merchandise, food, and beverages. Recently over the summer, I went to see a baseball game being held at Dodgers Stadium and was horrified at the prices that I saw. My ticket alone was $40, at this price that put me just below the nosebleed section of the stadium. During the game I went to one of the vendors and was flabbergasted to see the price for a hot dog was $6.50 dollars, a drink was $3.75 and a side of fries for $4.25. Once I made my purchase I stood back and found myself feeling as if I had been cheated. The Dodgers made over $240 million in revenue in 2010, why would they want to raise the prices of the franchise? Dodger stadium can hold over fifty thousand people, but they are continuing to rob fans with these head scratching prices. With these increasing prices more and mo re people have begun to stay at their dwellings to enjoy the game on their HD TV. Most people would choose to stay home near their refrigerator and watch the next game seeing as they have a great view, comfortable seats, and free food. These prices are not only seen in baseball but also in other professional sport institutions. With the staggering decrease of the current economy, sports franchises need to realize the value of a dollar to its loyal fans, and the practicality to the average family looking for entertainment. Today the average cost of a baseball ticket is $19.85; compared to back in the 1950’s being that the average ticket price was $1.54. This price fluctuation is due to the demand of the sport as well as, â€Å"[media] focus, player salary ... ...g events, the impoverished and lower class will be left out of the running. With the lowering of the economic stand point the all American traditions are failing to keep up with these desperate times. In my opinion all sporting events have become commercial and media oriented, rather than just going to a game to have fun and to bond. In the past families would go every Sunday to a game because it was affordable, but at this day in time they cannot even attend one game. It makes one wonder what the future of the sporting world beholds for the future generations. Will sporting events become underground or will they slowly disappear? Will the world stop revolving around the constant money symbol? Being such an avid sports fan, as I am, I perceive the future of sports becoming business or corporate orientated rather than the all American pass time it was meant to be.

American Woman Hair Styles and Head Gear in History :: essays research papers

American woman hair styles and head gear (1600-1775) In the American history there are three main head styling groups. These groups are the rich Virginian group from 1619-1675, the rich in the American colonies from 1675-1775, and finally the poor or middle class of the colonies, which since the hair didn’t change much was pretty much the same all through the era. Virginia (1619-1675) In the year 1619 the American style was very masculine. In America there weren’t very many women this was because America was a harsh land. The men in America would pay for women to come to America, but only if the women would marry them. The hard sea voyage meant that they needed good stiff hats that would actually stay on their heads. The year of 1660 was a year which was full of change, the rich people were coming over with new styles from France and Britain. This hair style pulled back most of the hair and coiled it in the back, and then the excess hair was curled and made to cascade around the face. Often time pearls and ribbons were added to the coil in the back. In 1675, the head coverings were â€Å"out† and only light head coverings were used, however, in the northern colonies heavy hoods were used frequently. The colonies as a whole (1675-1775) In 1750, the coiffure, which was used frequently among the rich of Europe, was finally catching on in the Americas. A coiffure was a French style that you have probably seen, it is huge hair styles that are made primarily out of horse hair and take hours to complete. The hair got big and wild and out of control. In some cases they even put cardboard cut outs of animals or trees in the sea of wire curls. Toward the end of the big hair the styles came close to the head and spread out. In the may of 1771 a girl sent a letter to the Boston Gazette telling of a woman with the coiffure. The girl had been walking down the streets when a woman driving her carriage had been thrown from her seat. The woman was alright, but the hair piece was completely torn from her head. Inside of the complicated hair piece was tallow and horse hair, to keep the good locking hair on the outside stiff. The feather in the hair was started by Marie Antoinette. She had a peacock feather in the tall hair and when the King exclaimed about how pretty he thought she looked, it became a new style. American Woman Hair Styles and Head Gear in History :: essays research papers American woman hair styles and head gear (1600-1775) In the American history there are three main head styling groups. These groups are the rich Virginian group from 1619-1675, the rich in the American colonies from 1675-1775, and finally the poor or middle class of the colonies, which since the hair didn’t change much was pretty much the same all through the era. Virginia (1619-1675) In the year 1619 the American style was very masculine. In America there weren’t very many women this was because America was a harsh land. The men in America would pay for women to come to America, but only if the women would marry them. The hard sea voyage meant that they needed good stiff hats that would actually stay on their heads. The year of 1660 was a year which was full of change, the rich people were coming over with new styles from France and Britain. This hair style pulled back most of the hair and coiled it in the back, and then the excess hair was curled and made to cascade around the face. Often time pearls and ribbons were added to the coil in the back. In 1675, the head coverings were â€Å"out† and only light head coverings were used, however, in the northern colonies heavy hoods were used frequently. The colonies as a whole (1675-1775) In 1750, the coiffure, which was used frequently among the rich of Europe, was finally catching on in the Americas. A coiffure was a French style that you have probably seen, it is huge hair styles that are made primarily out of horse hair and take hours to complete. The hair got big and wild and out of control. In some cases they even put cardboard cut outs of animals or trees in the sea of wire curls. Toward the end of the big hair the styles came close to the head and spread out. In the may of 1771 a girl sent a letter to the Boston Gazette telling of a woman with the coiffure. The girl had been walking down the streets when a woman driving her carriage had been thrown from her seat. The woman was alright, but the hair piece was completely torn from her head. Inside of the complicated hair piece was tallow and horse hair, to keep the good locking hair on the outside stiff. The feather in the hair was started by Marie Antoinette. She had a peacock feather in the tall hair and when the King exclaimed about how pretty he thought she looked, it became a new style.

Family Welfare Statistics 2011

FAMILY  WELFARE  STATISTICS  Ã‚   IN  Ã‚   INDIA 2011 Statistics  Division   Ministry  of  Health  and  Family  Welfare   Government  of  IndiaAbbreviations AIDS AHS ANC ANM ANC APL ARI ASHA AWW AYUSH BCG BE BMS BPL CBR CDR CES CHC CNAA CPR CPR DLHS DPT DT EAG ECR EmOC FP FRUs HIV HMIS ICDS IDSP IDDCP IIPS IPHS IEC IFA Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Annual Health Survey Antenatal Care Auxiliary Nurse Mid-wife Ante Natal Care Above Poverty Line Acute Respiratory Infection Accredited Social Health Activist Anganwadi Worker Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy Bacillus Calmette Guerin Budget Estimates Basic Minimum Services Programme Below Poverty Line Crude Birth Rate Crude Death Rate Coverage Evaluation Survey Community Health Centre Community Needs Assessment Approach Contraceptive Prevalence Rate Couples Protection Rate District Level Household Survey Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus Diphtheria and Tetanus Empower ed Action Group Eligible Couple Register Emergency Obstetric Care Family Planning First Referral Units Human Immunodeficiency Virus Health Management Information Systems Integrated Child Development Services Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme Iodine Deficience Disorder Control Programme International Institute for Population Sciences Indian Public Health Standards Information, Education and Communication Iron and Folic Acid IMR IPHS IUCD IUD JSK JSY LHV MCTS M&E MIES MIS MMR MNP MoH&FW MPW-F/M MTP NACP NACO NCP NFHS NGO NLEP NIHFW NNMR NPCB NPP NPSF NRHM NSV NVBDCP NUHM Obs/gyn OP OPV ORS PC&PNDT PHC PHN PIP PMG PMUInfant Mortality Rate Indian Public Health Standards Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device Intra Uterine Device Jansankhya Sthirtha Kosh Janani Suraksha Yojana Lady Health Visitor Mother and Child Tracking System Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring, Information & Evaluation System Management Information System Maternal Mortality Ratio Minimum Needs Programme Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Multi Purpose Worker – Female / Male Medical Termination of Pregnancy National AIDS Control Program National AIDS Control Organisation National Commission on Population National Family Health Survey Non-Governmental Organization National Leprosy Eradication Programme National Institute of Health and Family Welfare Neonatal Mortality Rate National Programme for Control of Blindness National Population Policy National Population Stabilisation Fund National Rural Health Mission No Scalpel Vasectomy National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme National Urban Health Mission Obstetrics and Gynecology Oral Pills Oral Polio Vaccine Oral Rehydration Solution Pre-conception & Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Primary Health Centre Public Health Nurse Programme Implementation Plan Programme Management Group Programme Management Unit PNC PPP PRCs RCH RHS RKS RGI RNTCP RTI SBA SC SC/ST SRS STDs STI TBAs TFR TT UIPPost Natal Care Public Private Partnership Po pulation Research Centres Reproductive and Child Health Rapid Household Survey Rogi Kalyan Samiti, Registrar General of India Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme Reproductive Tract Infection Skilled Birth Attendants Sub Centre Scheduled- Caste / Scheduled- Tribe Sample Registration System Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually Transmitted Infections Traditional Birth Attendants Total Fertility Rate Tetanus Toxoid Universal Immunization Program CONTENTS Page No. Preface †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Abbreviations Executive Summary and overview of Family Welfare Programme in India (Hindi & English version)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. LIST OF TABLES SECTION – A Population & Vital Statistics TABLE NO. A. 1 TITLEPopulation Growth, Crude Birth Rate, Death Rate & Sex Ratio India 1901-2001 Distribution of Population, Sex Ratio, Density and Growth Rate of Population Census 2001 Rural and Urban Composition of Population, Census 1991 Total Population, Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and their proportions to the total population Total Urban Population, Population of Cities/Towns Reporting Slums and Slum Population in Slum Areas – India, States, Union Territories Child Population in the age-group 0-6 by sex – Census 2001 & 2011 Population Aged 7 years and above 2011 (Provisional) Literates and Literacy Rates by sex, 2001 and 2011(Provisional) census Sex-ratio of total population and child population in the age-group 0-6 and 7+ years 2001 & 2011 Distribution of Population by Age Groups 2001(Census) Percentage Distribution of Population by Age and Sex, India, 1951-2001 census Projected Population Characteristics 2001-2012 Proportion of Population in Age Groups 0-4 and 5-9 a A. 2 A. 3 A. 3. 1 A. 3. 2 A. 3. 3 A. 3. 4 A. 3. 5 A. 3. 6 A. 4 A. 5 A. 6 A. 7 Child-Woman Ratio, and Dependency Ratio, 2001 A 8. Number of Married Couples (With Wife Aged Between 15-44 Years), All India 2001 Percentage Distribution of Married Couples (With Wife Aged Between 15-44 years) by Age Group, Censuses 1961, 1971 , 1981, 1991 & 2001 Number of Married Females in Rural Areas by Age,2001 Number of Married Females in Urban Areas by Age,2001. A. 9 A. 10 A. 11 A11. 1 Estimated eligible couples per 1000 population – 1991 & 2001 Census A. 12 A. 3 Expectation of Life at Birth 1901-2016 Projected Levels of the Expectation of Life at Birth By Sex ,1996-2016 A13. 1 Expectancy of life at birth by sex and residence, India and bigger States, 2002-06 A. 14 A. 15 A. 16 A. 17 A. 18 Fertility Indicators 1996-2009 – All India Time Series Data on CBR, CDR, IMR and TFR – India Crude Birth and Death Rates in Rural and Urban Areas 1981-2009 Estimated Birth and Death Rates in Different States/UTs – à ¢â‚¬ ¦1981,1991,2001-2009 Estimated Age-specific Death Rates by Sex, 2005-2009- India A. 18. 1 Estimated Age-specific Death Rates by Sex, 2005-2009- Rural A. 18. 2 Estimated Age-specific Death Rates by Sex, 2005-2009- Urban A. 19 A. 20 A. 21 A22 A. 2 A23 A24 Infant Mortality Rates by Sex, 1980 to 2009 – All India Infant Mortality Rates by Sex, 2001 to 2009 – India and Major States Mortality Indicators by Residence: All India 1980-2009 Infant Mortality Rate by Residence – All states/UTs Child Mortality Rate by Residence Mortality Indicators, India and Major States 2005 to 2009 Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR*) and Age Specific Marital Fertility Rates (ASMFR*): India, 2005-2009 Fertility Indicators for Major States -2005-2009 Estimated Age Specific Fertility Rates by Major States, 2005-2009 b A. 25 A. 26 A. 27 Age Specific Fertility Rates by Educational Level of the Woman, 2005 to 2009(All India) Mean Age at Effective Marriage (Female), India and Major States, 2005 to 2009 Mean age at effective marriage of females , by residence India and Major States ,2005 to 2009 Percentage of Females by Age at Effective Marriage by Residence, India and Major States, 2005 to 2009 Percent Distribution of Live Births by Order of Birth , India and Major States, 2005-2009 Percentage Distribution of Births By Order of Births By Residence, 2005 to 2009 Average Number of Children Born per Woman by Age – 2001 A. 28 A. 29 A. 30 A. 31 A. 32 A. 33 A. 34Proportion of Ever-married Womwn of parity (i+1) and above to 1000 Ever-married women of parity (i) and above 2001 Percentage of Ever-Married Women (Aged 50 and Above) With No Live Birth 2001 Percent distribution of live Births by Type of Medical Attention Received by the Mother at Delivery by Residence –All India Percentage of Deaths by Causes Related to Child Birth & Pregnancy (Maternal) – All India (Rural) – 1985, 1990 , 1995,1997 & 1998 Percentage Distribution of Deaths due to Specifi c Causes under the Major Group â€Å"Causes Peculiar to Infancy† for selected States 1996-98 Maternal Mortality Ratio, 1997-98 to 2007-09 Under-five Mortality Rates(U5MR) by sex and residence, 2008 & 2009 Sex-ratio of child (age group 0-4) 2004-06 to 2007-09 – SRS A. 35 A. 36 A. 37 A. 38 A. 39 A. 40 A. 41 SECTION – B Family Welfare Programme Statistics i) Immunisation Coverage & MTP Services B. 1 Year-Wise Achievement of Targets of MCH Activities – All India c B. 2 B. 3 B. 4State-wise Targets and Achievements of M. C. H. Activities, 2004-05 to 2007-08 Year-Wise Medical Termination of Pregnancy Performed – All India State-Wise Medical Termination of Pregnancy Performed (ii) Family Planning Acceptance & Impact of the programme B. 5 B. 6 B. 7 B. 8 B. 9 B. 10 B. 11 B. 12 Family Planning Acceptors by Methods – All India Sex-wise Break up of Sterilisation Performed Year-Wise Achievement of Family Planning Methods-All India State-Wise Achievements in respect of Sterilisations State-Wise Achievements in respect of IUD Insertions State-Wise Achievements in respect of Condom Users State-Wise Achievements in respect of O. P.Users State-Wise Vasectomies, Tubectomies and % share of Tubectomy to total Sterilisations State-Wise Number of Laparoscopic Tubectomies Along with Total Number Tubectomy Operations Performed State-wise Number of NSV & Total Number of Vasectomy Operations Performed State-Wise Distribution of Condom Pieces State-Wise Number of Oral Pill Centres Functioning and Distribution of Oral Pill Cycles of B. 13 B. 14 B. 15 B. 16 B. 17 B. 18 B. 19 Number of Condom pieces and Oral Pill Cycles Distributed – All India Information Relating to Maternal Health, 2007 to 2011 Couples Currently and Effectively Protected in India By Various Methods of Family Planning Percentage effective CPR due to all Methods Couples Currently and Effectively Protected Number of Births Averted dB. 20 B. 21 B. 22 SECTION – C HMIS- New Key Indicators C. 1 C. 2 C. 3 C. 4 C. 5 C. 6 C. 7 C. 8 C. 9 C. 10 Number of pregnant women received 3 ANC Checkups Number of women given TT2/Booster Number of women having Hb level < 11 (tested cases) Number of newborn visited within 24 hrs of home delivery Number of women discharged under 48 hrs of delivery from public facility Number of Still Births Number of newborns weighed at Birth Number of newborns having weight less than 2. 5 Kgs Number of Newborns breastfed within 1 hour Number of women receiving post partum check-up within 48 hours after delivery SECTION – D Survey Findings D. 1 D. 2 D. 3 D. Key Indicators NHFS-III Comparative Key Indicators – NFHS-III, NFHS-II and NFHS-I Comparative Key Indicators- DLHS-1, DLHS-2 and DLHS-3 Comparison of Key Indicators – NFHS(2005-06), DLHS (2007-08) and Converage Evaluation Survey(CES) 2009 conducted by UNICEF Concurrent Evaluation NRHM – India Facts (2009) Results of Annual Health Survey, 2010-11 D. 5 D. 6 S ECTION –E Infrastructure facilities E. 1 E. 2 Number of Sub-Centres, PHCs & CHCs functioning as on March, 2010 Facility Survey, DLHS ,2007-2008 e E. 3 E. 4 E. 5 E. 6 E. 7 Health Worker (Female)/ANM at Sub-Centre Health Worker (Female) Sub-Centre and PHCs Number of sub-centres without ANMs or and Health Workers(M) Doctors+ at Primary Health Centres Number of PHCs with Doctors and without Doctors/Lab Technician/Pharmacist SECTION –F Outlay and Expenditure on Family Welfare F. Year Wise BE, RE and Actual Expenditure relating to Department of Family Welfare Plan Outlay on Health Family Welfare in Different Plan Periods Centre, States and Union Territories Scheme-wise breakup of actual expenditure during 2007-08 and outlay for 2008-09 Details of External Assistance fro RCH Programme and Immunization Strengthening Project External Funding Assistance for Polio Programme F. 2 F. 3 F. 4 F. 5 Annexures Annex1 Annex 2 Annex 3 Demographic Indicators Demographic Estimates for Selec ted Countries, 2008 Definitions f SUMMARY  OF  FAMILY  WELFARE   PROGRAMME  IN  INDIA Executive Summary The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare brings out a statistical publication titled â€Å"Family Welfare Statistics in India†. The publication presets the most up-to-date data on the performance of various family welfare programmes and various demographic indicators. The 2011 edition contains six sections. Section â€Å"A† (Tables: A. 1 to A. 1) of the report covers Vital Statistics and captures data on population, sex ratio, rural & urban composition, child population, percentage distribution of population by age and sex, number of married couples, life expectancy at birth, fertility indicators, age specific fertility rates by educational levels, age specific death rates by sex, infant mortality rate by sex, child mortality rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio, etc. Analysis of some of the important indicators, is given in the â€Å"Over View† (Para 1 . 0 to 5. 0). Performance of immunization activities, family planning programmes, MTP services, etc. are covered in Section-B (Tables-B. 1 to B. 22). Para 6. 0 to 6. 9 discusses some of these important parameters in the â€Å"Overview†. The â€Å"Section-C† (Tables C. 1 to C. 0) of the Report covers State-wise data on some of the indicators like; Number of pregnant women received 3 ANC checkups, Number of women given TT2/Booster, Number of women having Hb level < 11 (tested cases), Number of newborn visited within 24 hrs of home delivery, Number of women discharged within 48 hrs of delivery from public facility, Number of Still Births, Number of newborns weighed at Birth, Number of newborns having weight less than 2. 5 Kgs. , Number of Newborns breastfed within 1 hour, Number of women receiving post partum check-up within 48 hours after delivery, etc. This data is an aggregation of district level data which is uploaded on Health Management Information System (HMIS) por tal of the Ministry by States/UTs.A number of large scale surveys are being carried out by the Ministry from time to time to assess the performance of various health and family welfare programmes. These surveys inter-alia include, National Family Health Survey (NFHS), District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS), Annual Health Survey (AHS), Facility Survey, Concurrent Evaluation Survey (CES) of NRHM, etc. Section-D focuses on the indicators covered in these large surveys. Data on key indicators (State-wise) covered in NFHS-III (2005-06) as compared with NFHS-II (1998-99) and NFHS-I (1992-93) are given in Tables D. 1 and D. 2. Tables D-3 captures data on key indicators covered in DLHS-III (2007-08) as compared with DLHS-II(2002-04) and DLHS-I (1998-99). Concurrent Evaluation of NRHM was carried out in 2009.The indicators covered include (a) health infrastructure facilities (b) Communitisation of services (c) Functioning of ANM (d) Availability of Human Resources (e) Service Ou tcomes. The results of the evaluation survey i are presented in Table D-5. A comparative data on common indicators covered in NFHS-III, DLHS-III and CES-2009 are brought out in Table D-4. The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, in collaboration with the Registrar General of India (RGI), had launched an Annual Health Survey (AHS) in the erstwhile Empowered Action Group States (Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattishgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan) and Assam.The aim of the survey was to provide feedback on the impact of the schemes under NRHM in reduction of Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) at the district level and the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) at the regional level by estimating these rates on an annual basis for around 284 districts in these States. The results of the first round of AHS for some of the indicators viz. Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Neo-natal Mortality Rate, Under F ive Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Sex Ratio, etc. have since become available and are given in Section-D (Tables D. 6. 1 to D. 6. 5).Data on key indicators covered in â€Å"Facility Survey-2007-08† conducted as part of DLHS-III are given in â€Å"Section E†. Latest data received from States /UTs regarding availability of Human resource & infrastructure facilities at Sub Centre, Primary Health Centre (PHC) and Community Health Centre (CHC) are also given in â€Å"Section-E† (Tables E. 1 to E. 7). Section-F covers â€Å"Outlay and Expenditure on Family Welfare† 2010-11 programmes for the year ii Overview Family Welfare Programme in India, 2011 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF INDIA 1. 0 Vital Statistics 1. 1 As on 1st March, 2011 India's population stood at 1. 21 billion comprising of 623. 72 million (51. 54%) males and 586. 47 million (48. 46%) females. India, which accounts for world's 17. percent population, is the second most populous country in the world next only to China (19. 4%). One of the important features of the present decade is that, 2001-2011 is the first decade (with the exception of 1911-21) which has actually added lesser population compared to the previous decade. In absolute terms, the population of India has increased by about 181. 46 million during the decade 2001-2011. Of the 121 crore Indians, 83. 3 crore (68. 84%) live in rural areas while 37. 7 crore (31. 16%) live in urban areas, as per the Census of India's 2011. Highlights of Census 2011 The average annual exponential growth declined to 1. 64% per annum during 2001-2011 from 1. 97% per annum during 1991-2001.Decadal growth during 2001-2011 declined to 17. 64% from 21. 54% during 1991-2001. The decade is the first, with the exception of 1911-21, which has actually added fewer people compared to the previous decade. The rural population (83. 31 crore) and urban Population (37. 71 crore) constitutes 68. 84% and 31. 16% respectively to the total popula tion of the country. During 2001-2011, for the first time, the growth momentum of population for the EAG States declined by about four percentage points. This, together with a similar reduction in the non-EAG States and Union Territories, has brought down the rate of growth of population for the country by 3. 9 percent as compared to 1991-2001. iiiThough the child-sex ratio [0 to 6 years] has declined from 927 female per 1000 males in 1991-2001 to 914 females per 1000 males, increasing trend in the child sex ratio was seen in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram and Andaman and Nicobar Island. Literacy rate increased from 64. 83% in 2001 to 74. 04% in 2011; 82. 14% male literacy, 65. 46% female literacy. Among the States and Union Territories, Uttar Pradesh is the most populous State with 199. 6 million people and Lakshadweep the least populated with 64,429 people. The contribution of Uttar Pradesh (UP) to the total population of the country is 16. 5% foll owed by Maharashtra (9. 3%), Bihar (8. 6%), West Bengal (7. 6%), Andhra Pradesh (7. 0%) and Madhya Pradesh (6. ). The combined contribution of these six most populous States in the country accounts for 55% to the country’s population 1. 2 The country's headcount is almost equal to the combined population of the United States of America (USA), Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Japan — all put together. The combined population of UP and Maharashtra is bigger than that of the USA. Population of many Indian States is comparable with countries like United Kingdom (UK), Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, etc. States in India vs Countries in the World (In Millions) State in India Population- Country @ [email  protected] 2011 Uttar Pradesh 199. 6 Brazil 195. Maharashtra 112. 4 Japan 127. 0 Bihar 103. 8 Mexico 110. 5 iv West Bengal Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Rajasthan Karnataka 91. 3 84. 7 72. 6 72. 1 68. 6 61. 1 Philippines Germany Turkey 93. 6 82. 1 72. 7 Thailand 68. 1 France 62. 8 United 61. 9 Kingdom Gujarat 60. 4 Italy 60. 1 Orissa 41. 9 Argentina 40. 7 Kerala 33. 4 Canada 33. 9 Jharkhand 33. 0 Morocco 32. 4 Assam 31. 2 Iraq 31. 5 Punjab 27. 7 Malaysia 27. 9 Chhattisgarh 25. 5 Saudi 26. 2 Arabia Haryana 25. 4 Australia 21. 5 @Source: State of World Population 2010 1. 3 The Average Annual Exponential Growth Rate (AAEGR) for 2001-2011 dipped sharply to 1. 64 percent per annum from 2. 6 percent during 1981-1991 and 1. 97 percent per annum during 1991-2001. Among the major States, Bihar, J&K, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, NCT of Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand and Gujarat recorded higher annual exponential growth rate as compared to the national average during 2001-2011. The State of Bihar registered the highest (2. 26%) AAEGR and Kerala (0. 48) registered the lowest. v 1. 4 The decadal rate of growth of population has slowed down to 17. 64% in 2001-2011 as compared to 21. 54% in 1991-2001. At the St ate level, growth rates varied widely. Nagaland with (-) 0. 47% had the lowest decadal growth rate.The phenomenon of low growth has started to spread beyond the boundaries of the Southern States during 2001-11, where in addition to Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka in the South, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab in the North, West Bengal and Orissa in the East, and Maharashtra in the West have registered a growth rate between eleven to sixteen percent in 2001-2011 over the previous decade. Among the larger States, Bihar registered the highest decadal growth rate of 25% and Kerala the lowest (4. 86%). It is significant that the percentage decadal growth during 2001-2011 has registered the sharpest decline since independence. It declined from 23. 87 percent for 1981-1991 to 21. 54 percent for the period 1991-2001, a decrease of 2. 33 percentage point. During 20012011, this decadal growth has become 17. 64 percent, a further decrease of 3. 90 percentage points (Table A-1). 1. Traditio nally, for historical reasons, some States depicted a tendency of higher growth in population. Recognizing this phenomenon, and in order to facilitate the creation of area-specific programmes, with special emphasis on eight States that have been lagging behind in containing population growth to manageable limits, the Government of India constituted an Empowered Action Group (EAG) in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in March 2001. These eight States were Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Orissa, which came to be known as ‘the EAG States'. During 2001-11, the rate of growth of population in the EAG States except Chhattisgarh has slowed down (Table-A-2).For the first time, the growth momentum of population in the EAG States has given the signal of slowing down, falling by about four percentage points. This, together with a similar reduction in the non-EAG States and Union Territories, has brought down the rate of gr owth for the country by 3. 9 percentage points during 2001-11 as compared to 1991-2001. vi 1. 6 Natural Growth Rate: The natural growth rate, which is the difference between the birth rate and death rate, was estimated as 1. 52% in 2009 against 1. 97 % in 1991. 1. 7 Sex Ratio: According to Census of India 2011, the sex ratio has shown some improvement in the last 10 years. It has gone up from 933 in 2001 census to 940 in 2011 census. Kerala with 1084 has the highest sex ratio followed by Pondicherry with 1038.Daman and Diu has the lowest sex ratio of 618. The Sex Ratio in Arunachal Pradesh (920), Bihar (916), Gujarat (918), Haryana (877), J(883), Madhya Pradesh(930), Maharashtra (925), Nagaland(931), Punjab(893), Rajasthan(926),Sikkim (889) and Uttar Pradesh (908) is lower than the national average. All UTs except Puducherry and Lakshadweep also have lower Sex Ratio as compared to national average (Table A-2). 1. 8 Child Sex Ratio: The child sex ratio (0-6 years), has declined to 91 4 in 2011 Census as compared to 927 in 2001. It showed a continuing preference for male children over females in the last decade. Increasing trend in the child sex ratio was seen in States/UTs viz.Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram, Chandigarh and Andaman & Nicobar Islands but in all the remaining States / Union Territories, the child sex ratio showed decline over Census 2001 (Table-A-3. 6). Literacy level: According to the provisional data of the 2011 census, the literacy rate 1. 9 went up from 64. 83 per cent in 2001 to 74. 04 per cent in 2011 — showing an increase of 9. 21 percentage points. Significantly, the female literacy level saw a significant jump as compared to males. The female literacy in 2001 was 53 per cent and it has gone up to 65. 46 per cent in 2011. The male literacy, in comparison, rose from 75. 3 to 82. 14 per cent (Table A-3. 5). Kerala, with 93. 1 per cent, continues to occupy the top position among States as far as literacy is concerned while Bihar remained at the bottom of the ladder at 63. 82 per cent. vii Ten States and Union Territories, including Kerala, Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Tripura, Goa, Daman and Diu, Puducherry, Chandigarh, NCT of Delhi and Andaman and Nicobar Islands have achieved a literacy rate of above 85 per cent. 2. 0 POPULATION PROJECTIONS 2. 1 Population Projections: The projections for the country, individual States and Union Territories up to the year 2026 made by the Technical Group constituted by the National Commission on Population (NCP) under the Chairmanship of Registrar General, India, reveals that the country’s population would reach 1. 4 billion by 2026. Projected Population of India (In Millions)The projected population and proportion (percent) of population by broad age-group as on 1st March, 2001-2026 as per â€Å"Report of the Technical Group on Population Projections – Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (May 2006)† are given in the Table below: Ye ar Population (in millions) Proportion (percent) 15-59 15-49 (years) (years) (Female Population) 35. 4 57. 7 51. 1 32. 1 60. 4 53. 1 29. 1 62. 6 54. 5 0-14 (years) 60+ (years) 6. 9 7. 5 8. 3 2001 2006 2011 1029 1112 1193 (1210 )* 1269 1340 1400 2016 2021 2026 26. 8 25. 1 23. 4 63. 9 64. 2 64. 3 54. 8 54. 1 53. 3 9. 3 10. 7 12. 4 *As per provisional figures of Census 2011. viii 2. 2 National Population Policy (NPP), 2000: Government has adopted a National Population Policy in February, 2000. The main objective is to provide or undertake activities aimed to achieve population stabilisation, at a level consistent with the needs of sustainable economic growth, social development and environment protection, by 2045.The other objectives are: †¢ †¢ †¢ To promote and support schemes, programmes, projects and initiatives for meeting the unmet needs for contraception and reproductive and child health care. To promote and support innovative ideas in the Government, private and v oluntary sector with a view to achieve the objectives of the National Population Policy 2000. To facilitate the development of a vigorous people’s movement in favour of the national effort for population stabilisation. 2. 3 National Commission on Population (NCP): With a view to monitor and direct the implementation of the National Population Policy, the NCP was constituted in 2000 and it was re-constituted in 2005.The Chairman of the re-constituted Commission continued to be Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, whereas Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission and the Minister of Health & FW are the two Vice-Chairmen and Secretary, H, is the Member-Secretary of the Commission. State Population Commissions: State Population Commissions have been 2. 4 constituted in 20 States/UTs. viz. Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikki m, Tamil Nadu, Andaman & Nicobar Island and Lakshadweep. Janasankhya Sthirata Kosh (JSK): The Jansankhya Sthirata Kosh (JSK) has been set 2. 5 up as an autonomous body in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, duly registered as a Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.The objective of JSK is to facilitate the attainment of the goals of National Population Policy 2000 and support projects, schemes, initiatives and innovative ideas designed to help population stabilization both in the Government and Voluntary sectors and provide a window for canalizing resources through voluntary contributions from individuals, industry, trade organizations and other legal entities in furtherance of the national cause of population stabilization. 3. 0 DEMOGRAPHIC and HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS 3. 1 The demographic and health status indicators have shown significant improvements. The Table below captures data on Crude Birth Rate, Crude Death Rate, and Life Expectancy etc. ix Sl. No. 1 2 3 4Parameters Crude Birth Rate (per 1000 population Crude Death Rate (per 1000 population) Total Fertility Rate Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000 live births) Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births) Child Mortality Rate (0-4 yrs. ) per 1000 children Couple Protection Rate (%) Expectation of life at birth (in years) -Male -Female 1951 40. 8 25. 1 6. 0 NA 1981 33. 9 12. 5 4. 5 NA 1991 29. 5 9. 8 3. 6 398 SRS (199798) 80 26. 5 2001 25. 4 8. 4 3. 1 301 (2001-03) Current Levels 22. 5 (2009) 7. 3 (2009) 2. 6(2009) 212 SRS (2007-09) 50(2009) 14. 1(2009) 5 6 146 (1951-61) 57. 3 (1972) 10. 4 (1971) 110 41. 2 66 19. 3 7 8 22. 8 44. 1 45. 6 40. 4(2011) 37. 1 36. 1 (1951) 54. 1 54. 7 60. 6 61. 7 (199196) 61. 8 63. 5 (1999-03) 62. 6 64. 2 (2002-06)Source: Office of Registrar General of India, except 7 above which is based on estimation done by statistics Division of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. NA – Not available 3. 2 Crude Birth Rate (CBR): The Crude Birth Rate decline d from 29. 5 in the 1991 to 22. 5 in 2009. The CBR is higher (24. 1) in rural areas as compared to urban areas (18. 3). Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest CBR (28. 7) and Goa the lowest (13. 5). Assam (23. 6), Bihar (28. 5), Chhattisgarh (25. 7), Jharkhand (25. 6), Madhya Pradesh (27. 7), Rajasthan (27. 2), Uttar Pradesh (28. 7) recorded higher CBR as compared to the national average. Among the Smaller States / UTs, D Haveli (27. 0) and Meghalaya (24. ) recorded higher CBR as compared to the national average while Tripura (14. 8) recorded the lowest CBR during 2009-Table A-15, A16 & A17. x 3. 3 Life Expectancy: The life expectancy at birth for male was 62. 6 years as compared to females, 64. 2 years according to 2002-06 estimates. Urban Male (67. 1 years) and Urban Female (70 years) have longer life span as compared to their rural counter parts. The life expectancy in Kerala is the highest (74 years) and the lowest in Madhya Pradesh (58 years) Table A-13. 1. xi 4. 0 MORTALITY INDICA TORS 4. 1 Crude Death Rate (CDR): The CDR, which was stagnant during 2007 and 2008 at 7. 4, came down to 7. 3 in 2009. The CDR is higher in rural areas (7. ) as compared to urban areas (5. 8). The death rate is highest (8. 8) in Orissa and lowest in Nagaland (3. 6) – (Table A-17). Age-specific Death Rates: The ASDR for the year 2009 was 14. 1 per 1000 in the age-group 0-4; it drastically declined in the next age-group (5-9) to 1 per 1000. The ASDR gradually increased in each age-group to reach to the level 20. 4 per 1000 in the age-group 60-64 and continued to increase to reach finally to the level 173. 9 per 1000 in the last age-group, 85+. ) The Age-specific Mortality rates are declining over the years; the rural-urban and Male – Female differentials are still high (Table A-18 to A-18. 3) xii 4. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): According to SRS 2009, the IMR at national level was 50 per 1000 live births in 2009 as compared to 53 in 2008. The IMR is higher in respect of F emale (52) as compared to Male (49). The highest infant mortality rate has been reported from Madhya Pradesh (67) and lowest from Kerala (12). Assam (61), Bihar (52), Chhattisgarh (54), Haryana (51), Madhya Pradesh (67), Orissa (65), Rajasthan (59) and Uttar Pradesh (63) recorded higher IMR as compared to the national average (Table-A-20) Infant Mortality Rates – Rural/Urban (All India) xiii The IMR is very high in rural areas (55 per 1000 live births) as compared to urban areas (34). Rural areas of Madhya Pradesh registered the highest IMR (72) followed by Orissa (68), Uttar Pradesh (66).Rural areas of Kerala State recorded the Lowest IMR (12) in the country. Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh recorded highest IMR in urban areas. Kerala had the lowest IMR (11) in urban areas. Amongst the smaller states, Rural and Urban areas of Goa recorded lowest IMR during 2009 (Table-A-22). The increase in medical attention to the pregnant women at the time of live births may have resulted in decline in IMR over the period. But in the rural areas, the medical attention is still on the lower side (Table-A36) Distribution of Live Births by Type of Medical Attention Received by the Mother-2009 (%) Neo-natal Mortality Rate: Neo-natal mortality refers to number of infants dying within one month.Neo-natal health care is concerned with the condition of the newborn from birth to 4 weeks (28 days) of age. Neo-natal survival is a very sensitive indicator of population growth and socio-economic development. The survival rate of female infants correlates to subsequent population replacement. The neo-natal mortality rate which was stagnant at 37 per 1000 live births during 2003 to 2006 marginally came down to 36 in 2007, 35 in 2008 and stood at 34 during 2009. The neo-natal mortality rate is very high in rural areas (38 per 1000 live births) as compared to 21 in urban areas in 2009. The neonatal mortality rate also xiv varies considerably among Indian States.Madhya Pradesh (47), Utt ar Pradesh (45), Orissa (43), Rajasthan (41), J (37), Himachal Pradesh (36), Haryana(35), Gujarat(34), Chhattisgarh(38) recorded higher neo-natal mortality rate as compared to national average. The Neo-natal mortality rate is lowest in the Kerala State (7). The significant feature is that, the Neo-natal Mortality Rate came down or remained stagnant in 2009 as compared to 2008 except in the case of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand and Karnataka (Table A23) Post-Neo-Natal Mortality Rate: Refers to number of infant deaths at 28 days to one year of age per 1000 live births. The Post Neo natal Mortality Rate came down to 16 in 2009 from 24 in 2002.The Post Neo Natal Mortality Rate is high in rural areas (17) as compared to urban areas (13) (Table A-21) Peri–natal Mortality Rate: Refers to number of still birth and deaths within 1st week of delivery per 1000 live births. The Peri-natal Mortality Rate varies in the range of 37 to 35 since 2001 and stood at 35 in 2009. It is high in rural areas (39) as compared to urban areas (23) during 2009. The Peri-natal Mortality Rate significantly varied across the States. Kerala with 13 is the best performing State, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh (45) are least performing States during 2009. Still Birth Rate (SBR): The SBR came down to 8 in 2008 from 9 in 2007. However, it remained stagnant at 8 in 2009 also.The number of Still Births varied across the States between 1 (Bihar) and 17 (Karnataka) in 2009 (TableA-23). 4. 3 Child Mortality Rate (0-4): Child Mortality Rate is measured in terms of death of number of children (0-4 years) taking place per 1000 children (0-4 year’s age). As per SRS estimates, the Child Mortality Rate (CMR) has come down from 57. 3 in 1972 to 26. 5 in 1991 and 14. 1 in 2009. The CMR is very high in rural areas (15. 7) as compared to urban areas (8. 7) in 2009 and this observation is relevant for almost all States uniformly. The highest Child Mortality Rate was recorded in Madhya Prade sh (21. 4) closely followed by Uttar Pradesh (20. 1) and Assam (19. 0). Kerala with 2. 6 CMR is the best Performing State (Table A22. 1) 5. 0FERTILITY INDICATORS The three common measures of fertility are; (a) Crude Birth Rate (CBR), (b) Age-Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR), and (c) Total Fertility Rate (TFR). CBR has already been discussed in para 3 . 2 above. 5. 1 Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR) & Age Specific Marital Fertility Rates (ASMFR): ASFR is defined as the number of children born to women in the said age group per 1000 women in the same age group and ASMFR as the number of children born to married women in the said age group per 1000 women in the same age group. Table A-24 presents ASFR and ASMFR data separately for rural and urban areas, for the years 2004 to 2009. It is xv bserved that ASMFRs are higher than ASFRs in respect of all age groups as ASMFR covers only married women. Throughout the period 2004-2009, the age group 20-24 continued to have peak fertility rate s in rural and urban areas, but both these indicators are lower in urban areas as compared to rural areas. The ASMFR increased to 326 in 2009 from 303 in 2008 and the ASFR increased to 227. 8 in 2009 from 218. 6 in 2008 for the age group 20-24. Data on Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR) reveals that the fertility rate in 15 to 19 years age group has moderately declined in 2009 (38. 5) as compared to 2008 (41. 6). Lower fertility rates are observed in U. P. Bihar only after attaining the age 40 years while in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, this stage is reached in the earlier age groups namely 30-34 and 35-39 (Table A-26). ASFR is showing a decreasing trend as the literacy level increases in the age group of 20-24 (the peak fertility age group)-Tables A-27. 5. 2 Age at Effective Marriage (AEM): The Mean age at effective marriage is the age at consummation of marriage, is almost stagnant and hovering around 20 years between 200 5 and 2009. The State level data show variations in the AEM. It is the highest in J (23. 6) followed by Kerala (22. 7), Delhi & Tamil Nadu (22. 4), Himachal Pradesh (22. 2), and Punjab (22. 1) in 2009. Rajasthan (19. ) has the lowest AEM. The AEM in urban areas is higher than the rural one but the difference is just two years. The rural- urban difference is highest (3. 1 years) in Assam and least in Kerala (0. 1 years). The AEM in respect of more than 50% female in rural areas is 18-20 years whereas in urban areas, the AEM in respect of more than 60% female is 21+ (Tables A-28 to A-30) xvi 5. 3 Total Fertility Rate (TFR): The TFR for the country remained constant at 2. 6 during 2008 and 2009 with Bihar reporting the highest TFR at 3. 9 while Kerala and Tamil Nadu continued its outstanding performance with the lowest TFR of 1. 7. Among the major States, the TFR level of 2. has been attained by Andhra Pradesh (1. 9), Karnataka (2. 0), Kerala (1. 7), Maharashtra (1. 9), Punjab (1. 9), Tamil Nadu (1. 7) and West Bengal (1. 9). The rural woman is having higher TFR (2. 9) as compared to urban (2. 0) women (TableA-25). 6. 0 FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME: In 1952, the Indian Government was one of the first in the world to launch a national family planning programme, which was later expanded to encompass maternal and child health, family welfare and nutrition. The figures given in the publication are based on the data reported by the State/UTs at district level and then consolidated at State and National level on HMIS portal.Percentage of districts reported in 2009-10 and 2010-11 was 98%. 6. 1 Maternal Health: Maternal health refers to the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Antenatal care (ANC) is the systemic medical supervision of women during pregnancy. Its aim is to preserve the physiological aspect of pregnancy and labour and to prevent or detect, as early as possible, all pathological disorders. Early diagnosis during pregnancy ca n prevent maternal ill-health, injury, maternal mortality, foetal death, infant mortality and morbidity. During 2010-11, 28. 30 million women got registered for ANC checkup and more than 20 million underwent 3 check-ups during the pregnancy period. vii The institutional deliveries to total deliveries (Institutional +home) increased from 56. 7% in 2006-07 to 78. 5% in 2010-11. Kerala and Tamil Nadu (99. 8%) are the best performing States in the country during 2010-11 (Table B-18). 6. 2 Medical Termination of Pregnancy: To avoid the misuse of induced abortions, most countries have enacted laws whereby only qualified Gynecologists under conditions laid down and done in clinics/hospitals that have been approved, can do abortions. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act was enacted by the Indian Parliament in 1971 and came into force from 01 April, 1972. The MTP Act was again revised in 1975.The MTP Act lays down the condition under which a pregnancy can be terminated, especially the pe rsons and the place to perform it. During 2010-11, 620472 MTPs were performed by 12510 approved institutions in the country. Uttar Pradesh with 576 approved institutions performed maximum number (81420) MTPs in the country followed by Maharashtra (78047) during 2010-11. xviii About 60% MTPs in the country were performed in 6 States viz. Assam, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana in 2010-11(Table B4). 6. 3 Child Health Immunization programmes aim to reduce mortality and morbidity due to Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPDs), particularly for children.India's immunization programme is one of the largest in the world in terms of quantities of vaccines used, numbers of beneficiaries, number of immunization sessions organized and the geographical area covered. Under the immunization program, vaccines are used to protect children and pregnant mothers against six diseases. They are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Tuberculosis Diphtheria Pertussis Polio Measles Tetanus In India, under Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) vaccines for six vaccinepreventable diseases (tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus, poliomyelitis, and measles) are provided free of cost to all. Tetanus Immunization for expectant Mother: During 2010-11, 78. 14% of the estimated need for vaccinating 29. 68 million expectant mothers was achieved. As compared to 200910 the achievement is on lower side (83. 82%).The achievement varied widely across the States, the highest percentage of achievement is observed in Lakshadweep (112. 1%) followed by the Mizoram (106. 8%). Among major States, Tamil Nadu immunized 98. 5% of the targeted numbers and Bihar recorded the lowest immunization (58%). The achievement xix of Bihar is the lowest among the major States consecutively for the third year (TableB1&B2). DPT Immunization for Children: The DPT is an immunization or vaccine to protect against the diseases of Diphtheria (D), Pertussis (P), and Tetanus (T). The III dose of DPT vaccination was to be administered to 25. 54 Million children (Target) and achieved 89. 20% during 201011 as against the achievement of 99. 0% in 2009-10. Andhra Pradesh (100. 3%), Tamil Nadu (102. %), Himachal Pradesh (105. 7%), J&K (105. 3%), Manipur (118. 8%), Meghalaya (108. 5%) and Mizoram (134. 2%) achieved more than 100% targeted numbers (Table- B1&B2). Polio: More than 89 percent children received the third dose of Polio vaccine in 2010-11 but the percentage dropped from 98. 6% in 2009-10. The percentage of children who received third dose of polio ranges from 31. 4% in A&N Islands to 133. 8% in Mizoram. Eight States viz. Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram achieved more than 100% targeted numbers during 2010-11. Achievement of Bihar State is the lowest (69. 1%) among the major States (Table- B1&B2).BCG: BCG vaccine is given for protection against tuberculosis, mainly severe forms of chil dhood tuberculosis. 23. 88 million Children of below one year were targeted for administering BCG vaccine during 2010-11 as against 25. 19 million in 2009-10. The achievement in 2010-11 was 93. 5% as against 101. 7 % in 2009-10. 14 States / UTs achieved more than 100% immunization during 2010-11 as against 20 States/UTs in 2009-10. Pondicherry achieved the highest percentage immunization (179. 8%) in 2010-11. Measles: 22. 10 million Children of below one year age received measles vaccine during 2010-11 as against 25. 54 million children accounting for an achievement of 86. 6% as against 95. 0% in 2009-10.Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram achieved more than 100% vaccination in 2010-11 (Table- B1&B2). Tetanus: Vaccination against Tetanus was administered to 9. 7 million (Target: 25. 1 Million) children of 5 years age (DT), 14. 30 million children of 10 years age (Target: 25. 66 million) and 13. 0 million children of 16 years age (Target: 26. 01 Million) during 2010 -11. The achievement as against the set target works out to 38. 6%, 54. 8% and 50. 0% respectively in respect of the above age group of children. Bihar State is lagging behind in achievement as compared to all other major States. The achievement is only 5. 6% (of the target) in the case of children 5 years of age, 14. 8% for children of 10 Years and 20. % for children of 16 years during 2010-11. Except Sikkim (for the age group children 10 years), no other State vaccinated the children to the extent of 100% of the target during 2010-11(Table- B1&B2). 6. 4 Family Planning: Birth control pills, condoms, sterilization, IUD (Intrauterine device) etc. are most commonly practiced Family Planning methods in the country. The efforts of the Government in implementing the Family Planning Programme in the country have significant impact. However, Social factors like reluctance, traditions and socio-cultural beliefs towards large family emerge as the major constraints towards adopting Family Pl anning methods. Female xx iteracy, age at marriage of girls, status of women, strong son preference, and lack of male involvement in family planning, are also significant factors associated with adoption of small family norm. IMPACT OF FAMILY WELFARE ACTIVITIES †¢ †¢ Knowledge of contraception is nearly universal: 98 percent of women and 99 percent of men age 15-49 know one or more methods of contraception. Among the permanent modern Family Planning methods, female sterilization was the most popular Over 97 percent of women and 95 percent men know about female sterilization. Male sterilization, by contrast, is known only by 79 percent of women and 87 percent of men. Ninety-three percent of men know about condoms, compared with 74 percent of women. More than 80 percent women and men know about contraceptive pills.Knowledge of contraception is widespread even among adolescents: 94 percent of young women and 96 percent of young men have heard of a modern method of contracepti on Source: NFHS-3 †¢ †¢ †¢ 6. 5 Family Planning Performance The year 2010-11 ended with 34. 9 million total family planning acceptors at national level comprising of 5. 0 million Sterilizations, 5. 6 million IUD insertions, 16. 0 million condom users and 8. 3 million O. P. users as against 35. 6 million total family planning acceptors in 2009-10 (Table B. 5) xxi Total FP Acceptors 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 6. 6 A total of 50. 09 Lakh sterilizations were performed in the country during 2010-11 as against 49. 98 Lakh in 2009-10. States/UTs viz.Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab. Arunachal, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep and Puducherry have shown improved performance in 2010-11 as compared to 2009-10. (Nos. 000†²) Sterilisations 6,000 5,000 (Nos. 000†²) 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 The proportion of tubectomy operations to total sterilizations was 95. 6 percent in 2010-11 as ag ainst 94. 6 percent in 2009-10 (Table B-6). xxii Though the share of vasectomy operations to total sterilizations is increasing, it is quite insignificant. 6. 7 IUD Insertions: During the year 2010-11, 5. 6 million IUD insertions were reported as against 5. 7 million in 2009-10.Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pr, Delhi, Goa, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, D&N Haveli reported better performance in 2010-11 than in 2009-10 (Table B-9). 6. 8 Condom Users and O. P. Users: Based on the distribution figures reported, there were 16. 0 million equivalent users of Condoms and 83. 07 million equivalent users of Oral Pills during 2010-11 (Table B-10, B-11). 6. 9 Number of Births Averted: Implementation of various Family Planning measures averted 16. 335 million births in the country during 2010-11 as compared to 16. 605 million in 2009-10. The cumulative total of births avoided in the country up to 2010-11 was 442. 75 million (Table B-22). 7. 0 PROGRAMMES and SCHEMES 7. The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM): NRHM launched by the Hon’ble Prime Minister on 12th April 2005 throughout the country with special focus on 18 States, including eight Empowered Action Group (EAG) States, the North-Eastern States, Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, seeks to provide accessible, affordable and quality health care xxiii services to rural population, especially the vulnerable sections. The NRHM operates as an omnibus broadband programme by integrating all vertical health programmes of the Departments of Health and Family Welfare including Reproductive & Child Health Programme and various diseases control Programmes.The NRHM has emerged as a major financing and health sector reform strategy to strengthen States Health systems. The NRHM has been successful in putting in place large number of voluntary community health workers in the programme, which has contributed in a major way to improved utilisation of health facilities and increased health awarenes s. NRHM has also contributed by increasing the human resources in the public health sector, by up-gradation of health facilities and their flexible financing, and by professionalization of health management. The current policy shift is towards addressing inequities, through a special focus on inaccessible and difficult areas and poor performing districts.This requires also improving the Health Management Information System, an expansion of NGO participation, a greater engagement with the private sector to harness their resources for public health goals, and a greater emphasis on the role of the public sector in the social protection for the poor. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 7. 2 NRHM GOALS Reduction in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) Universal access to public health services such as Women’s health, child health, water, sanitation & hygiene, immunization, and Nutrition. Prevention and control of communicable and nonco mmunicable diseases, including locally endemic diseases Access to integrated comprehensive primary healthcare Population stabilization, gender and demographic balance. Revitalize local health traditions and mainstream AYUSH. Promotion of healthy life styles.Primary Health Care services Health Services are provided to the community through a network of Sub-centres, Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and Community Health Centres (CHCs) in the rural areas and Hospitals and Dispensaries etc. in the urban areas. The Primary Health Care infrastructure in rural areas has been developed as a three-tier system. The norms for establishing Sub centres, PHCs and CHCs are as under: xxiv Centre Plain Area Sub Centre PHC CHC 5000 30000 120000 Population Norms Hilly/Tribal Area 3000 20000 80000 7. 3 Sub-Centres (SCs): The Sub-Centre is the most peripheral and first contact point between the primary health care system and the community.Each Sub-Centre is manned by one Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) and on e Male Health Worker MPW (M). One Lady Health Worker (LHV) is entrusted with the task of supervision of six Sub-Centres. SubCentres are assigned tasks relating to interpersonal communication in order to bring about behavioural change and provide services in relation to maternal and child health, family welfare, nutrition, immunization, diarrhoea control and control of communicable diseases programmes. The Sub-Centres are provided with basic drugs for minor ailments needed for taking care of essential health needs of men, women and children. There were 147069 Sub Centres functioning in the country as on March 2010. An Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM), a female aramedical worker posted at the Sub-Centre and supported by a Male Multipurpose Worker MPW (M) is the front line worker in providing the Family Welfare services to the community. ANM is supervised by the Lady Health Visitor (LHV) posted at PHC. 7. 4 Primary Health Centres (PHCs): PHC is the first contact point between village comm unity and the Medical Officer. The PHCs were envisaged to provide an integrated curative and preventive health care to the rural population with emphasis on preventive and promotive aspects of health care. The PHCs are established and maintained by the State Governments under the Minimum Needs Programme (MNP)/Basic Minimum Services Programme (BMS).There were 23673 PHCs functioning as on March 2010 in the country. A PHC is manned by a Medical Officer supported by 14 paramedical and other staff. It acts as a referral unit for 6 Sub Centres. It has 4-6 beds for patients. The activities of PHC involve curative, preventive, primitive and Family Welfare Services. 7. 5 Community Health Centres (CHCs): CHCs are being established and maintained by the State Government under MNP/BMS programme . It is manned by four medical specialists i. e. Surgeon, Physician, Gynaecologist and Paediatrician supported by 21 paramedical and other staff. It has 30 in-door beds with one OT, X-ray, Labour Room an d Laboratory facilities.It serves as a referral centre for 4 PHCs and also provides facilities for obstetric care and specialist consultations. As on March, 2010, there were 4535 CHCs functioning in the country. 7. 6 Reproductive Child Health (RCH) Programme: Reproductive and Child Health Programme is a major component of NRHM and aims at reduction of Infant Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio and Total Fertility Rate xxv 7. 7 Janani Suraksha Yojana: The Jannani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) is a 100% centrally sponsored scheme and it integrates cash assistance with delivery and post delivery care. The scheme was launched with focus on demand promotion for institutional deliveries in States and regions where these are low.It targeted lowering of MMR by ensuring that deliveries were conducted by Skilled Birth Attendants at every birth. The Yojana has identified the Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA), as an effective link between the Government and the poor pregnant women in 18 low performing States, namely the 8 EAG States and Assam and J&K and the remaining NE States. In other States and UTs, wherever, AWW and TBAs or ASHA like activist has been engaged for this purpose, they can be associated with this Yojana for providing the services. The JSY scheme has shown phenomenal growth in the last three years. Starting with a modest number of 7. 39 Lakhs beneficiaries in 2006-07, the total number reached 113. 89 lakh during 2010-11. 7. Family Welfare Linked Health Insurance Scheme: Family Planning Linked Insurance Scheme was introduced w. e. f. 29th November, 2005 to take care of the cases of failure of Sterilisation, medical complications for death resulting from Sterilisation, and also provide indemnity cover to the doctor / health facility performing Sterilisation procedure. The scheme is in operation for the last 5 years and is renewed with ICICI Lombard Insurance Company for the sixth year w. e. f. 01-01-2011 based on 50 lakh sterilization acceptors. The tot al liability of the company is limited to Rs. 25 crore under Section-I and Rs. 1 crore under Section-II. Benefits of the Scheme w. e. f. 1. 1. 011( 6th Year) Section Coverage Financial compensation I following IA Death sterilization (inclusive of Rs. 2 Lakhs death during process of sterilization operation) within 7 days from the date of discharge from the hospital. IB Death following Rs. 50,000 sterilization within 8 – 30 days from the date of discharge from the hospital IC Failure of Sterilization Rs. 30,000 ID Cost of treatment upto Actual not exceeding 60 days arising out of Rs. 25,000 complication following the sterilization operation (inclusive of xxvi II complication during process of sterilization operation) from the date of discharge. Indemnity Insurance per Upto Rs. 2 Lakh per Doctor/facility but not claim more than 4 cases in a year. 7. Compensation for Acceptors of Sterilisation: As a measure to encourage people to adopt permanent method of Family Planning, this Mi nistry has been implementing a Centrally Sponsored Scheme since 1981 to compensate the acceptors of sterilization for the loss of wages for the day on which he/she attended the medical facility for undergoing sterilization. Compensation for Acceptors of Sterilisation Public facilities Vasectomy Tubectomy Focus 1500 1000 1500 (Rs. ) Accredited Private/NGO facilities Vasectomy Tubectomy 1500 1500 1500 (BPL/SC/ST) High States Non-high Focus States 1000 (BPL/SC/ST) 1500 650 (APL) 8. 0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEMThe Information System to measure the process and impact of the NRHM including Family Welfare Programme is as below: a) Service Statistics through HMIS and Routine Monitoring b) Sample Registration System & Population Census, Office of Registrar General India c) Large scale surveys- National Family Health Surveys, District Level Household and Facility Surveys. Annual Health Survey d) Area specific surveys by Population Research Centres e) Other specific surveys by National & International agencies f) Field Evaluation through Regional Evaluation Teams xxvii 8. 1 Service Statistics/Routine Monitoring The Statistics Division in the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare is responsible for Monitoring & Evaluation activities. 8. 2 Health Management Information System (HMIS) Health services are provided through the network of health centers spread throughout rural and urban areas of the country. Each centre maintains record of its activities in one or more of the primary registers.The performance data collected and compiled primarily at peripheral levels (Rural/Urban) such as Sub-centre, Primary Health Centres, Urban Family Welfare Centres / Post Partum Centres / Hospitals / Dispensaries are presented in Tables C-1 to C-10. For capturing information on the service statistics from the peripheral institutions, an exercise was undertaken to rationalize the facility level data capturing format by removing redundant information, reducing the number of forms and focu sed on facility based reporting. The revised forms were finalized in September 2008 and disseminated to the States. A web based Health MIS (HMIS) portal was also launched in October, 2008 http://nrhm-mis. nic. n to facilitate data capturing at District level. The HMIS portal has led to faster flow of information from the district level and about 98% of the districts are reporting monthly data since 2009-10. The HMIS portal is now being rolled out to capture information at the facility level. Some of indicators for which data has been captured through HMIS portal (district level) are included for the first time in the publication (Detailed tables are given in Section–C (Tables C1 to C-10). Data for these indicators are provisional and may only be compared with DLHS-III indicators keeping in view the methodological differences. 8. 3 Tracking of Mothers and ChildrenIt has been decided to have a name-based tracking whereby pregnant women and children can be tracked for their ANCs and immunisation along with a feedback system for the ANM, ASHA etc to ensure that all pregnant women receive their Ante-Natal Care (ANCs) and postnatal care (PNCs) Checkups; and the children receive their full immunisation. All new pregnancies detected/being registered from 1st April, 2010 at the first point of contact of the pregnant mother are being captured as also all births occurring from 1st December, 2009. A number of States have established the system and other are putting in place systems to capture such information on a regular basis. Mother and Child Tracking System require intense capacity building at various levels primarily at the Block and Sub-Centre levels. The National Informatics Centre (NIC) has developed software application. The rollout is being monitored centrally. xxviii 8. 4 Large Scale/Demographic SurveysA number of large scale surveys are being conducted by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare as enumerated below: National Family Health Survey (NFHS): The 2005-06, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) was the third in a series of national surveys preceded by earlier NFHS surveys carried out in 1992-93 (NFHS-1) and 1998-99 (NFHS-2) with the objective to provide essential data on health and family welfare needed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and other agencies for policy and programme purposes, and to provide information on important emerging health and family welfare issues. Annual Health Survey (AHS): The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, in collaboration with the Registrar General of India (RGI), had launched an Annual Health Survey (AHS) in the erstwhile Empowered Action Group States (Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattishgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan) and Assam. AHS will provide District-wise data on Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) at the regional level. Other RCH indicators like Ante-natal care, Institutional delive ry, immunisation, use of contraceptives will also be available.The aim of the survey was to provide feedback on the impact of the schemes under NRHM in reduction of Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) at the district level and the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) at the regional level by estimating these rates on an annual basis for around 284 districts in these States. The results of the first round of AHS for some of the indicators viz. Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Neo-natal Mortality Rate, Under Five Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB), Sex Ratio (0-4 years) and Total Sex Ratio have been released by the Registrar General of India (RGI).The District-wise data in respect of the above indicators for the nine States viz. Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattishgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Assam are given in Table D. 6. 0 (Section D). Comparison of State -wise AHS results and SRS: 2009, in respect of five indicators namely Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Neo-natal Mortality Rate and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) reveals that they are broadly comparable (Table D. 6. 1). All 284 districts covered in the AHS (first round) have been ranked by arranging them in ascending order based on the rank of the individual indicators viz.Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Neo-natal Mortality Rate, Under 5 Mortality Rate and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and presented in Table D. 6. 2. Tables D. 6. 3 and D. 6. 4 give details of bottom 100 districts as per the rankings and also covered under High Focus Districts identified under National Rural Health Mission, xxix The second Round of AHS (2011-12) would also cover additional parameters viz. height & weight measurement, blood test for anemia and sugar, blood pressure measurement and testing of iodine in the salt used by households thro ugh a separate questionnaire on Clinical, Anthropometric and Biochemical (CAB) test and measurements in addition to the indictors covered in AHS first round.District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS): The District Level Household and Facility S

Overeating In Youths And Adolescents Health And Social Care Essay

Overeating is a major societal job. Throughout the history, perceptual experience of gluttony has been altering with clip owing to the altering societal, political, and economic state of affairss. Overeating is an eating upset which is centrally characterized by dependence to nutrient that leads to gorge eating. Persons who suffer from compulsive eating upset suffer from episodes of uncontrolled feeding. It has been shown to hold psychological connexion as these persons tend to see pressured and manic feeling. As a consequence, the persons continue eating even after they become uncomfortably full. Binge eating tends to be followed by intense guilt and sometimes depression. While bulimics will purge themselves with purging or usage of laxatives, persons enduring from compulsive eating upset seldom puke or usage laxatives and hence they continue to roll up weight. Overeating has been recognized as one of the factors lending to increased incidences of corpulence and fleshiness which are major public wellness concerns. Overeating is a societal job which means that the job has taken different dimensions throughout history. It has been defined and understood in different ways depending on the altering political, societal, and economic conditions. Even during the mediaeval period, gorging was recognized but it was non understood the same manner it is understood today. This implies that understanding of the job has been altering with clip and though it was recognized as a mark of health in the yesteryear, it is considered a major wellness job today. Gorging today affects people across the societal demographic divide. The job is today compounded by societal values and wellness concerns. The authorities has put in topographic point different plans with an purpose of extenuating the consequence of the job but small has been achieved. Despite the current apprehension of gorging as a societal and wellness job, and the plans that have been instituted to extenuate its effects, it still remains a major societa l and wellness concerns in the universe today. Historical Background of Gorging Overeating is a societal job that has changed over clip. Since the mediaeval period, gorging has been understood in different ways depending on the altering economic, societal, and political environments. The job has besides been understood in different ways depending on the dominant societal values and the altering doctrine of societal public assistance ( Levi et al. , 2008 ) . Definition and apprehension of the job have transformed with alterations taking topographic point in the environment. The current definition and apprehension of the job is really different from how it was understood during the mediaeval period. In order to specify and understand gluttony, it is of import to first expression at the historical definition and apprehension of the job. Historical apprehension of orgy eating day of the months back to the mediaeval period. At a clip when the society was extremely stratified, orgy feeding was understood as a mark of surpluss ( Tanofsky-Kraff, 2008 ) . It was chiefly practiced by those who had surplus to eat, chiefly those in the upper category. This means that the apprehension of gorging during that clip was chiefly engraved in indulgence since these were merely those who could afford plentifulness of nutrient who ate more. Interestingly, gorging was non recognized as a wellness job during the in-between ages. Historical histories have revealed that the ancient Greece and Arabia had texts which showed description of binging and purging which means both were recognized at that clip. Besides in ancient Rome, historiographers have shown the being of constructed ‘vomitoriums ‘ – topographic points where persons or feasters threw up nutrient. This is a mark of being of gorging even at those ancient times . It has recorded that Roman Emperor Claudis who ruled between 10 B.C. to A.D. 54 and Vitellius who ruled between A.D 15 to A.D. 19 were both bulimic. These historical histories affirm to the fact that eating upsets were recognized every bit early as 10 B.C. Although it was non recognized, gorging was the chief cause of fleshiness in ancient times. Obesity, which consequences from gorging, is an antique job whose perceptual experience has changed over clip. During ancient civilisation, fleshiness was perceived in much different ways merely like other gorging upsets. For illustration, antediluvian Egyptians considered fleshiness as disease. There have been wall drawing in Egypt which depicted fleshiness as an unwellnesss. There was besides the celebrated figurine of Venus statuettes, which depicted the image of an corpulent female trunk and which are presumed to hold played major functions in transporting out rites. Ancient Chinese besides showed that they understood the job of fleshiness and its consequence on the length of service of the job. The Aztecs steadfastly believed that fleshiness could be considered as a occult job which was affliction of Gods. Hippocrates, who is regarded as the male parent of medical specialty, recognized th at there were many sudden deceases which could be attributed to fleshiness, and this was expressed clearly in his Hagiographas. However, this perceptual experience changed from topographic point to topographic point. In countries where nutrient was scarce, gorging and eventful fleshiness were considered as marks and symbols of wealth and a higher societal position. In some African civilizations, brides were plumped up in order to fix them for kid bearing period. Before a nuptials, a bride was plumped up until she reached the expected weight to help her to bear a kid. This shows that gorging and fleshiness were perceived in different ways. However, serious focal point on the prevalence of eating upsets did non take topographic point until the 19th and twentieth century. At the clip, there was great scientific progress which provided for research model to transport out surveies to understand the being of these diseases. For illustration, it was in 1979 that a British head-shrinker, Gerald Russell, made official description of being of binge-eating syndrome. He is the 1 who gave it its current scientific name, binge-eating syndrome nervosa. He had carried out a scientific survey between 1972 and 1978 ( Munsch and Beglinger, 2005 ) . What sets apart the description of Russell from those of ancient Greece and Arabia is that Russell identified that binge-eating syndrome was carried out in order to cut weight, while the ancient surveies did non place the ground for being of binging and binge-eating syndrome. Throughout history, gluttony has been perceived in different ways. This perceptual experience has changed greatly with altering times, particularly in the class of 1900 ‘s. For illustration, Gallic interior decorator Paul Poiret showed that gorging and eventful fleshiness were unstylish. Poiret designed skin-revealing adult females apparels in order to uncover the organic structure image. In the class of the nineteenth century, the rate of fleshiness continued to increase at an dismaying rate as a consequence of different factors, among them change in feeding forms, particularly gorging and altering life style. Despite the historical records of being of orgy feeding, it had non been recognized as a wellness job until 1959. In 1959 head-shrinker and research worker Albert Stunkard foremost described gorging or orgy feeding as a societal job ( Cooper and Fairburn, 2003 ) . He foremost described it as ‘Night Eating Syndrome ‘ and later the term Binge Eating Disorder was used to depict gorging behavior that did non hold nocturnal constituent. This meant that the job was recognized as a societal job merely in twentieth century despite its being for many old ages. Although the job has been observed for a figure of old ages, there has non been any scientific survey that looked into the tendencies of gorging. At the clip Stunkard described the job, he had observed at that place was increasing figure of people who were going overweight. He noted that fleshy persons had more incidents of gorging compared to the remainder of the population ( Levi et al. , 2008 ) . The clinical observation convinced Stunkard that gorging was someway related to fleshiness and lone persons with fleshiness showed perennial episodes of gorging. With addition in the figure of corpulent persons owing to the altering life style, it was easy for Stunkard to associate the prevalence form and the hazard it posed to the general population. Since so, there have been several surveies that have looked into the job in greater inside informations. From the perceptual experience of a mark of surpluss during ancient times, orgy feeding was now recognized as a wellness issues ( Munsch and Beglinger, 2005 ) . Since Stunkard recognized the job in fleshy persons, it was non recognized by the medical governments in the state despite a figure of attendant surveies that have outlined the effects of the job. It was non until 1994 when Binge Eating Disorder ( BED ) was introduced in the DSM-IV standards. However it was introduced as a proviso psychiatric upset that required further research. It is of import to understand that during 1950s when the job was recognized as a major societal job, there were a batch of alterations that were taking topographic point in the societal, political, and economical environment. This period marked the terminal of the Second World War and the universe was pulling the attending off from war and political spat to concentrate on societal and wellness public assistance of the population. The terminal of the Second World War ushered the universe into a new epoch that was more focussed on societal public assistance of the people. Since the bend of the century, the universe has been much occupied with First and Second World War and the Great Depression that have wiped away wealth and people scrambled for nutrient rations. This means during the period after the terminal of the Second World War, people could entree more nutrient. Change in engineering has been recognized as another factor that contributed to increased incidence of gorging ( Munsch and Beglinger, 2005 ) . The altering nature of life, chiefly driven by engineering, led to nutrient procedure engineerings that made nutrient available outside the kitchen. Traditionally, nutrient was merely found and prepared in the kitchen which meant that people had limited opportunities of feeding. However, the debut of modern nutrient processing engineering, particularly with the outgrowth of fast and convenient nutrient, people have more opportunities of feeding and this factor contributed to incidence of gorging. With handiness of nutrient in different public infinites, and with outgrowth of nutrient ironss like MacDonald ‘s, which have been established in about every corner, people are encouraged to eat more frequently ( Levi et al. , 2008 ) . The increased incidence of gorging led to lifting instances of fleshiness and this was one of the factors that drew attending to the issue of gorging. Changes in societal life, particularly in working conditions, were another factor that contributed to the increased instances of gorging. Unlike times when people labored for hours in the field, the outgrowth of office occupations where manual occupations are left to machines encourages people to eat more ( Munsch and Beglinger, 2005 ) . As the figure of working hours reduced and more work was taken over by machines, people had more clip to loosen up and eat. Even at work, the outgrowth of fast nutrient meant that people could transport nutrient to work and continued to eat while working. There were a figure of alterations at place that besides marked increased instances of gorging. The outgrowth of telecasting sets and other amusement devices stationed at place meant that people spent more hours watching Television while eating. At the terminal, they ate more than they would hold eaten if they were non watching Television ( Munsch and Beglinger, 2005 ) . Apart from positive impacts of technological promotion and wealth creative activity like holding TVs at place, there are other psychological alterations that come with alteration in life that have been pointed out as possible causes of gorging. As people became busy and pre-occupied and the economic system changed, the degree of emphasis kept on lifting ( Levi et al. , 2008 ) . High degrees of emphasis and depression have besides been pointed out as possible grounds why people engaged in gorging. Research grounds has shown that compared to the yesteryear, economic crisis of modern clip, where life is centered on econ omic public presentation, has contributed to high degrees of emphasis. It is hence apparent that throughout history, definition and apprehension of gorging has dramatically changed in line with emerging societal, political, and economic tendencies. Earlier definition of gluttony is rather different from the modern 1. Binge feeding has changed from a mark of wealth in ancient times to a wellness job that is attributed to the alterations in the modern life style. While the gluttony and fleshiness have remained a job for the wealth in earlier times, most of the corpulent persons presents are found in the center and low category. Description of the gluttony in young persons and striplings Since the 1950s, gorging and attach toing corpulence and fleshiness complications have become major public wellness concerns in the United States. As has been the tradition with the United States authorities, it responds with policies aimed at extenuating the consequence of the job but seldom puts in topographic point policies to forestall the job. Since gorging was noted as a public wellness concern in 1950s, it took the authorities several old ages before any policy was put in topographic point to turn to the issue. With clip, gorging, coupled with altering life manner including reduced battle in physical exercisings has led to overweight and fleshiness, which are considered to be the major public wellness issues confronting the state ( Tanofsky-Kraff, 2008 ) . Binge eating upset is presently a major job that cuts across the whole population. Each and every twelvemonth, there are 1000000s of Americans who succumb to different endangering feeding upsets, but orgy feeding remains a m ajor job across the whole population. It is estimated that about 16 million Americans suffer from one or more eating upsets including anorexia nervosa and binge-eating syndrome nervosa ( Tanofsky-Kraff, 2008 ) . However, a higher figure, 25 million Americans, are documented to endure from orgy eating. Interestingly, the job is more marked in adult females than in work forces. Statisticss shows that more than 90 % of those who are affected by these jobs are adult females ( Hudons et al. , 2007 ) . Unlike other wellness jobs that have been known to happen with age, either really early or really tardily in life, eating upsets occur in the in-between life. It has been documented that approximately 86 % of persons who report eating upsets are somewhat below the age of 20, which means the job starts developing early in life. For illustration, research findings show that approximately 11 % of high school pupils have one or more eating upsets, with orgy eating being a major job ( Raderprogr ams, 2010 ) . However, research shows conflicting consequences. A figure of surveies have pointed out that the prevalence of orgy feeding is non clear in the population. This is because the prevalence differs from topographic point to put depending on the societal economic position. However, it has been shown that the prevalence of orgy feeding in the general population ranges between 1-3 % ( Bull, 2004 ) . As was earlier observed in 1950s, orgy feeding remains a major job confronting fleshy and corpulent persons. A figure of surveies have clearly shown that among the corpulence and corpulent persons, orgy eating Texas Rangers from 25 % and more ( Bull, 2004 ) . In striplings and young person, orgy feeding has been described as a major wellness concern. Surveies have shown that doomed of control feeding or BED is prevailing in immature people non merely in the United States but in the whole universe ( Tanofsky-Kraff, 2008 ) . Binge feeding is associated cross-sectionally with adiposeness in kids and young person and has been identified as a major factor predisposing them to overweight and fleshiness. Overeating is hence a major societal job non merely in grownups but in young persons. There are several grounds why the society is acquiring concerned with the job of gorging. Since the 2nd half of the twentieth century, increasing incidence of gluttony has attracted public attending owing to the societal and wellness branching on the general population. Overeating was recognized as a job associated with fleshiness. The ground why the society is going more concerned with increasing incidence of gorging can be related to the lifting instances of corpulence and fleshiness in the population. Obesity is an epidemic in the United States that affects people across the societal demographic divide. It is estimated that about three quarters or accurately more than 64 % of American grownups are overweight while 26 % are corpulent ( Levi et al. , 2008 ) . The figure of corpulent people in the United States has grown steadily from 19.4 % in 1997 to the recent 26.6 % in 2007 ( Hudons et al. , 2007 ) . By 2015, it is estimated that approximately 75 % of the United States population will be overweight while 41 % will be corpulent ( Hudons et al. , 2007 ) .While fleshiness has been considered a job for the ripening persons, demographic prevalence portrays a distressing tendency as kids and striplings shows increasing instances of corpulence and fleshiness. In the last two decennaries, it has been observed that kids and young persons are going victims of complications associated with gluttony, with 15-25 % of American kids considered corpulent while the figure keeps on turning ( Tanofsky-Kraff, 2008 ) . Worrying tendencies show that one in every five kids is fleshy and has a higher likeliness of going corpulent. By any criterions, these statistics are worrying and name for action from the concerned stakeholders. The above statistics clearly reveals why gluttony is considered a major public wellness concern. What is more badgering is the observation that overweight and corpulent kids and teens are likely to go corpulent when they grow up to grownups. This means that there is likeliness of holding a coevals of corpulent grownups in the cause of clip if nil is done ( Munsch and Beglinger, 2005 ) . Although there are multiple beginnings which contributed to overweight and fleshiness, gorging has been singled out as the chief cause of fleshiness in kids and teens. A recent survey that was carried out by World Health Organization Collaboration Center for Obesity Prevention found out that while research workers have long faulted lessening in physical activity as the chief cause of fleshiness, addition in gorging should instead be pointed out as the chief cause of fleshiness. For kids, gorging instead than other intensifying factors is the chief cause of fleshiness ( RWJF, 2010 ) . If the above tend ency is anything to travel by, so gorging should be a major concern for all persons in the society and so, it is a call for the authorities to come up with steps to extenuate the effects of gorging in kids. There are many societal, economic, political, and media forces that have garnered to specify gorging as a major societal job. Socially, the perceptual experience of gluttony has been altering with clip and today it is no longer perceived as a mark of wealth and surpluss but instead as a societal job. Research has shown that kids who are overweigh and corpulent are likely to be bullied or face cynicism from their equals. They are perceived to be irresponsible, which means they suffer socially. This means that gorging is no longer accepted as a societal pattern as it leads to overweight and fleshiness ( Levi et al. , 2008 ) . Economically, people are going good off and the life criterions have truly improved. However researches point out that gorging is non an economic job as it cuts across the divide, which means even kids and teens populating in low income countries are enduring from the job. This means that there are more implicit in economic factors, like the theoretical account of economic system that lays less accents on difficult work that increases Calorie ingestion which has conspired to worsen the job. Political forces that have lead to acknowledgment of the job include authorities policies that have defined the issue. In 1994, the authorities took a bold measure to include BED into the DSM-IV standards which means it was already recognized as a wellness job. Through the relevant organisations, the authorities has funded a figure of plans aimed at extenuating the job ( Munsch and Beglinger, 2005 ) . However, the most instrumental force that has shaped gorging as a societal job is the media. Now and so, the media carries out runs that are aimed at maintaining kids out of gorging. The media has been critical of transnational corporations like McDonalds which have encouraged gluttony. On the other manus, media portraiture of desired organic structure size, particularly for adolescent misss, forces them to prosecute in weight loss plans that lead to emotion al orgy feeding. The public apprehension of gorging is coming to a convergence. As has been reviewed earlier, ancient apprehension of gorging was rather different from the modern apprehension. There were some societies that encouraged gorging in adult females to give them strength to bear kids while in some societies, gorging was perceived to come with wellness effects. Presents, with the increased apprehension of effect of gorging in mention to overweight and fleshiness, public definition of the corpulence portrays it as a major psychological job. Harmonizing to DSM-IV standards, orgy feeding is defined as a upset marked by eating larger than usual sum of nutrient in a short period of clip, most specific, within a period of two hours. It is lack of control on one ‘s eating behaviour or eating that can non be controlled ( Munsch and Beglinger, 2005 ) . In this definition, there are of import values and political orientations that have are put into consideration. Most of import, the definition p uts into consideration the wellness value in belief that while feeding is good ; it may come with eventful wellness effects. Concretely, gorging in young persons and stripling is understood as a psychological and behavioural job that comes with sedate effects particularly fleshy and fleshiness. However, gorging is still understood in different footings by different societal sections. For some parents, gorging in their kids may be a mark of growing in appetency ( Munsch and Beglinger, 2005 ) . Parents understand that throughout the life span, kids feeding behavior supports on altering and hence gorging in striplings corresponds to foods demands in their organic structure, which means they do non see it to be a job. However, for others, gorging is already recognized as a major wellness job and hence they are making their best to help their kids to get the better of it. Prevalence forms show that Binge Eating Disorder affects 1000000s of people in the United States, particularly young persons and striplings. However, the job is more marked in females than males. In the United States, the job affects 3.5 % females compared to 2 % males ( Decaluwe and Braet, 2003 ) . The job is besides more marked in persons who are fleshy and corpulent as more than 30 % of persons seeking weight decrease intervention have shown marks of BED ( Decaluwe and Braet, 2003 ) . The fact that orgy feeding is twice common in females than males shows that the job is non related to caloric demands as assumed by most parents. The most annihilating consequence of orgy feeding is that it leads to wellness complications like corpulence and fleshiness. Binge eating leads to increased adiposeness in kids and grownups which increases incidence of corpulence and fleshiness. Since the job cuts across the societal demographic divide, including affluent people and those from low income co untries, there are no societal unfairnesss which are associated with the job. By and large, it can be recognized as a job associated with addition in wealth, modern nutrient processing engineering, and alterations in different domains of life ( Munsch and Beglinger, 2005 ) . Social value and political political orientations have impacted otherwise on the manner the job is viewed. As societal value keeps on altering, so has the public perceptual experience of corpulence and fleshiness. For illustration, traditionally, people with large organic structures who can presently be categorized corpulent were valued and viewed every bit good up. However, this has changed with the altering media perceptual experience of ideal organic structure weight. If any, there are few persons in the society who want to keep large organic structures ( Decaluwe and Braet, 2003 ) . This means that if corpulence is being viewed negatively in the society, orgy feeding, which is a causative factor for corpulence and corpulent conditions are besides viewed negatively by the people. Politically, there has been less authorities concern on fleshiness and corpulence until late when the authorities took bold stairss in face of public menace posed by corpulence and fleshiness incidences t o establish steps to cover with the job, for illustration inclusion of gorging in DSM-IV ( Levi et al. , 2008 ) . Overweight and fleshiness are tied to the political political orientation of capitalist economy which is specifying the modern society. In capitalist economy, persons amass more, and indulge in civilization of consumerism hence driving frontward the civilization of gorging ( Levi et al. , 2008 ) . Gorging can be explained utilizing different societal theories. One of the recent theories that have been used to explicate gluttony is reversal theory which explains gorging as a response to high-tension emphasis ( Sue et al, 1998 ) . This theory has shown that adult females who engage in weight decrease plan suffer from tenseness and emphasis which forces them to prosecute in gorging. The same theoretical account has besides been expressed by psychosomatic theory which shows that emotional eating consequences from confusion and apprehensiveness related to emotional provinces that are in bend related to hunger and repletion ( Terry, 2005 ) . Another theory that explains gorging is addiction theory which suggest that when one habituates or adjusts a to nutrient cues, one is less likely to acquire satisfied and keeps on devouring nutrient ( Munsch and Beglinger, 2005 ) . In line with this theory, societal acquisition theory besides shows that gorging is a erudite behaviour that is lea rned due to physical surrounding and interactions. Cognitive theories have pointed out that gorging is profoundly rooted in cognitive procedure which means it is a cognitively goaded procedure. This means that the encephalon is motivated to eat more and more with no feeling of repletion ( Terry, 2005 ) . In mention to the above theories, it can be deduced that there are biological, societal, and psychological causes of orgy feeding. In biological causes, it has been revealed that organic structure parts and endocrines like hypothalamus which control appetency may neglect to direct right message for hungriness and comprehensiveness and therefore lead to gorging. Psychological beginnings have shown that depression and orgy feeding are closely linked to each other. The U.S Department of Health and Human Services shows that more than half of orgy feeders are depressed or have suffered marks of depression in life ( Levi et al. , 2008 ) . On societal factors, it has been shown that societ al force per unit area adds shame on crack addict feeders but this lone fuels their emotional feeding ( Munsch and Beglinger, 2005 ) . Environmental factors like parental pattern of usage of nutrient to conform kids fuels binge eating. A causal concatenation that explains pathway to gorging may be constructed as follows:Ideology/Values-Social influence – desired organic structure size, equal influence -Economic influence – alteration in working spiels, convenient and fast nutrient, less physical work -Media influence – force per unit area on desired organic structure sizePositive influenceIncreased nutrient consumption due to positive influence like handiness of nutrient, eating while watching Television, and othersEmotional feedingTriggered by stress/depressionEffectssCorpulence Fleshiness Insomnia Relationship jobs Suicidal ideas Depression and anxiousness Gorging causes many wellness related physical, emotional, and societal jobs, including corpulence and fleshiness, emphasis, insomnia, self-destructive ideas, and many others. Depression, anxiousness, and sometimes substance maltreatment have been pointed out to be possible side effects of orgy feeding ( Munsch and Beglinger, 2005 ) . Binge eating besides comes with societal jobs like intervention relationship and calling. In footings of effects and benefits, gorging can be looked from two angles, from the point of position of those who benefit and those who suffer from the job. To get down with, there are much more people who suffer from the job than those who benefit from it. Those who suffer from the job include persons who are enduring the effects of such jobs like corpulence and fleshiness, close household and relates who are related to the person and besides suffer from the job, the authorities which has to incur one million millions of dollars in handling complications associated with the job, and many others ( Hudons et al. , 2007 ) . On the other manus, those who benefit from the job include concerns which deal with nutrient and others like pharmaceuticss which sell medical addendums to cover with complications of corpulence and fleshiness. Presently, there are many plans which are dedicated to extenuation of the job. It is of import to observe that most of these plans have taken the attack of supplying instruction to young persons and striplings on causes, effects, dangers, and ways to forestall gorging. While the authorities has instituted such policies as school eating policy that encourage healthy feeding, most of the plans are run by the private sector in concurrence with the authorities, most of them bing in their ain microenvironment. Some of these plans include Focus Adolescent Services, The Center- A Place of Hope, Eating Disorder Hope, and many others. These plans have used the most accessible information airing media, chiefly through the cyberspace to make as many young persons and striplings as possible.