Social Responsibilities of Business an Article by Friedman

In Friedman’s article, The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profit, he gives two arguments for what, if any, social responsibilities a business has and why they have it. In his arguments, he presents a businessman in charge of running the business on behalf of the owner. The first point he raises in dictating what responsibilities the businessman should fulfill involves defining the businessman’s purpose. He was hired as an agent of the shareholders, the owners of the business, etc. to make the business profitable. Barring some eleemosynary functions, as Friedman states, such as hospitals and schools, the general purpose of a business is to make money, therefore, the responsibilities of an agent of the business would be to increase said profits. To do otherwise would be to fulfill a purpose other than the one he was hired for and betray the owners. Friedman’s second argument follows a similar idea, but with another reason why the businessmanâ €™s ideas of social responsibility aren’t to be fulfilled through the business. If the agent of a business would spend money to further his supposed social responsibilities, he is using something that is not his to spend as he sees fit. Any money earned by increasing the price to consumers, decreasing the wages of the workers, or withheld from the stockholders belongs to the business and has been taken from these parties to be used in ways that they could have used it on their own. If the agent uses the money inShow MoreRelatedSocial Responsibilities And Moral Character Of Business1175 Words   |  5 Pages Social Responsibilities and Moral Character of Business Milton Friedman was a 20th century American economist who advocated free-market capitalism. In 1970 he submitted an editorial article entitled â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits† to the New York Times. In the article, Friedman argues that in free market systems it is nonsensical to make corporate entities adhere to â€Å"social responsibilities of business† pushed by activists, as corporations are artificial in natureRead MoreMilton Friedman is known in the business world for not having patience, he believes that companies1400 Words   |  6 PagesMilton Friedman is known in the business world for not having patience, he believes that companies are not truly concerned with making a profit but they are also promoting social conscience and need to take care of the employees, abolishing discrimination and pollution (Friedman, 1970, p. 3). In this article Friedman that the social responsibility of any company is to increase profits year over year (Friedman, 1970). Friedman believes if you give your employees the right to use their social responsibilityRead MoreSocial Responsibility And Business Ethics Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagespaper is to assess an article written by William Cohen (2009) which outlines Peter Drucker’s description of the role of social responsibility in business organizations and society. This paper will compare similarities and differences between Cohen’s perspective on social responsibility to the social responsibility and business ethics theories of Drucker and Milton Friedman. Furthermore, this paper will provide a frame of reference on corporate social responsibility and business ethics presented inRead MoreAlahmad and Murphy on Business Ethics Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesThe first two journal articles that were compared and contrasted were Ala Alahmad’s 2010 article on To Be Ethical or Not to Be: An International Code of Ethics for Leadership and Patrick Murphyà ¢â‚¬â„¢s 2009 article on The Relevance of Responsibility to Ethical Business Decisions. Some key findings of Alahmad’s writings were that ethics and leadership were closely tied together; they were found to be derivatives of one another. He mentioned that ethics is an individual thought process of making good orRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Corporations Essay806 Words   |  4 Pagesimportance of social responsibility within corporations. This paper also explores â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits† by Milton Friedman and his stance on social responsibility. Friedman believed that corporations should not waste money on new initiatives if it was just to appease the public, especially if it went above what laws required. Examples are shown how corporations must listen to the customer or it could hurt the profitability of the corporation, with social mediaRead MoreMilton Friedman: The Goal of the Firm744 Words   |  3 Page sMilton Friedman the Goal of the Firm The three goals of the firm are to maximum market value, maximum share price, and maximum value of owner equity. Milton Friedman asserts the only responsibility of a business is to increase its profits. Friedman reasons that corporate executives are employees of the owners of the business, or the stockholders, and as such have a fiduciary duty as agents to principals. The concept of social responsibility implies something other than to increase profits and ifRead MoreEvaluation: Ethical Perspectives on Social Responsibility Essay1143 Words   |  5 Pageson Social Responsibility This paper evaluates Cohen’s article on social responsibility and considers how his perspective and ideas align in comparison with other management experts including Drucker and Friedman. Some key components that are included in the evaluation are: †¢ A definition of the concept of social responsibility. †¢ What Cohen identifies as the social responsibility of a business to the workers, stakeholders, and society as a whole. †¢ How Cohen’s perspective of the social responsibilityRead MoreSocial Responsibility Of A Business1444 Words   |  6 Pagesareas of business and nonprofit management. However, Cohen’s article on social responsibility drew a lot attention from other scholars like Friedman. In view of this, this paper will discuss and define the concept of social responsibility of a business to its workers, stakeholders, and society; how the perspectives align with that of Drucker; comparing Cohen’s opinion with that of Friedman and finally determines which of the two individual’s opinion best aligns with the current business climate promotingRead MoreMilton Friedman, â€Å"the Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Profits†1202 Words   |  5 PagesMilton Friedman, â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Profits† In the article, â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Profits,† Friedman states that â€Å"businessmen believe that they are defending free enterprise when they proclaim that business is not concerned merely with profit but also with promoting desirable social ends.† This social responsibility is defined as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which is the belief that â€Å"corporations owe a greater dutyRead MoreMilton Friedmans Essay Analysis of The Social Responsibility to Increase Profit 727 Words   |  3 Pagesat the famous Milton Friedmans essay The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Profit . The following paper is an attempt to critically evaluate the article in consideration of Freeman Stakeholder Theory. First thing let us start with a little overview of what Milton Friedman exposed in his article. It seems that the whole point of his essay revolves around one basic statement which clearly says that the only social responsibility of business is to use its resources and engage in activities

The Early Development of the Nazi Party

Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Party took control of Germany in the early 1930s, established a dictatorship and started the Second World War in Europe. This article examines the origins of the Nazi Party, the troubled and unsuccessful early phase, and takes the story to the late twenties, just before the fateful collapse of Weimar. Adolf Hitler and the Creation of the Nazi Party Adolf Hitler was the central figure in German, and European, history in the middle of the twentieth century, but came from uninspiring origins. He was born in 1889 in the old Austro-Hungarian Empire, moved to Vienna in 1907 where he failed to get accepted at art school, and spent the next few years friendless and drifting around the city. Many people have examined these years for clues as to Hitler’s later personality and ideology, and there is little consensus about what conclusions can be drawn. That Hitler experienced a change during World War One - where he won a medal for bravery but drew skepticism from his fellows - seems a safe conclusion, and by the time he left the hospital, where he was recovering from being gassed, he already seemed to have become anti-Semitic, an admirer of the mythic German people/volk, anti-democratic and anti-socialist – preferring an authoritarian government – and committed to German nationalism.   Still a failed painter, Hitler searched for work in post-World War One Germany and found that his conservative leanings endeared him to the Bavarian military, who sent him to spy on political parties they considered suspect. Hitler found himself investigating the German Workers Party, which had been founded by Anton Drexler on a mixture of ideology which still confuses to this day. It was not, as Hitler then and many now assume, part of the left wing of German politics, but a nationalist, anti-Semitic organization which also included anti-capitalistic ideas such as workers rights. In one of those small and fateful decisions Hitler joined the party he was meant to be spying on (as the 55th member, although to make the group look bigger they had started numbering at 500, so Hitler was number 555.), and discovered a talent for speaking which allowed him to dominate the admittedly small group. Hitler thus co-authored with Drexler a 25 Point program of demands, and pushed through, in 1920, a change of name: the National Socialist German Workers Party, or NSDAP, Nazi. There were socialist-leaning people in the party at this point, and the Points did include socialist ideas, such as nationalizations. Hitler had little interest in these  and kept them to secure party unity while he was challenging for power. Drexler was sidelined by Hitler soon after. The former knew the latter was usurping him and tried to limit his power, but Hitler used an offer to resign and key speeches to cement his support and, in the end, it was Drexler who quit. Hitler had himself made ‘Fà ¼hrer’ of the group, and he provided the energy – mainly via well-received oratory - which propelled the party along and bought in more members. Already the Nazis were using a militia of volunteer street fighters to attack left-wing enemies, bolster their image and control what was said at meetings, and already Hitler realized the value of clear uniforms, imagery, and propaganda. Very little of what Hitler would think, or do, was original, but he was the one to combine them and couple them to his verbal battering ram. A great sense of political (but not military) tactics allowed him to dominate as this mishmash of ideas was pushed forward by oratory and violence. The Nazis try to Dominate the Right Wing Hitler was now clearly in charge, but only of a small party. He aimed to expand his power through growing subscriptions to the Nazis. A newspaper was created to spread the word (The People’s Observer), and the Sturm Abteiling, the SA or Stormtroopers / Brownshirts (after their uniform), were formally organized. This was a paramilitary designed to take the physical fight to any opposition, and battles were fought against socialist groups. It was led by Ernst Rà ¶hm, whose arrival bought a man with connections to the Freikorps, the military and to the local Bavarian judiciary, who was right-wing and who ignored right-wing violence. Slowly rivals came to Hitler, who would accept no compromise or merger. 1922 saw a key figure join the Nazis: air ace and war hero Hermann Goering, whose aristocratic family gave Hitler a respectability in German circles he had previously lacked. This was a vital early ally for Hitler, instrumental in the rise to power, but he would prove costly during the coming war. The Beer Hall Putsch By mid-1923, Hitler’s Nazis had a membership in the low tens of thousands  but were limited to Bavaria. Nevertheless, fuelled by Mussolini’s recent success in Italy, Hitler decided to make a move on power; indeed, as the hope of a putsch was growing among the right, Hitler almost had to move or lose control of his men. Given the role he later played in world history, it is almost inconceivable he was involved with something that failed as outright as the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, but it happened. Hitler knew he needed allies, and opened discussions with Bavaria’s right-wing government: political lead Kahr and military leader Lossow. They planned a march on Berlin with all of Bavaria’s military, police, and paramilitaries. They also arranged for Eric Ludendorff, Germany’s de facto leader throughout the later years of World War One, to join in. Hitler’s plan was weak, and Lossow and Kahr tried to pull out. Hitler wouldn’t allow this and when Kahr was making a speech in a Munich Beer Hall – to many of Munich’s key government figures - Hitler’s forces moved in, took over, and announced their revolution. Thanks to Hitler’s threats Lossow and Kahr now joined in reluctantly (until they were able to flee), and a two thousand strong force tried to seize key sites in Munich the next day. But support for the Nazis was small, and there was no mass uprising or military acquiescence, and after some of Hitler’s troops were killed the rest were beaten and the leaders arrested. An utter failure, it was ill-conceived, had little chance of gaining support across German, and may even have triggered a French invasion had it worked. The Beer Hall Putsch might have been an embarrassment and the death knell for the now banned Nazis, but Hitler was still a speaker and he managed to take control of his trial and turn it into a grandstanding platform, aided by a local government who didn’t want Hitler to reveal all those who’d helped him (including army training for the SA), and were willing to give a small sentence as a result. The trial announced his arrival on the German stage, made the rest of the right wing look to him as a figure of action, and even managed to get the judge to give him the minimum sentence for treason, which he in turn portrayed as tacit support. Mein Kampf and Nazism Hitler spent only ten months in prison, but while there he wrote part of a book which was supposed to set out his ideas: it was called Mein Kampf. One problem historians and political thinkers have had with Hitler is that he had no ‘ideology’ as we’d like to call it, no coherent intellectual picture, but a rather confused mishmash of ideas he had acquired from elsewhere, which he melded together with a heavy dose of opportunism. None of these ideas were unique to Hitler, and their origins can be found in imperial Germany and before, but this benefitted Hitler. He could bring the ideas together within him and present them to people already familiar with them: a vast amount of Germans, of all classes, knew them in a different form, and Hitler made them into supporters. Hitler believed that the Aryans, and chiefly the Germans, were a Master Race which a terribly corrupted version of evolution, social Darwinism and outright racism all said would have to fight their way to a domination they were naturally supposed to achieve. Because there would be a struggle for dominance, the Aryans should keep their bloodlines clear, and not ‘interbreed’. Just as the Aryans were at the top of this racial hierarchy, so other peoples were considered at the bottom, including the Slavs in Eastern Europe, and the Jews. Anti-Semitism was major part of Nazi rhetoric from the start, but the mentally and physically ill and anyone gay were considered equally offensive to German purity. Hitler’s ideology here has been described as terribly simple, even for racism. The identification of Germans as Aryans was intimately tied into a German nationalism. The battle for racial dominance would also be a battle for the dominance of the German state, and crucial to this was the destruction of the  Treaty of Versailles  and not just the restoration of the German Empire, not just the expansion of Germany to cover all European Germans, but the creation of a new Reich which would rule a massive Eurasian empire and become a global rival to the US. Key to this was the pursuit of  Lebensraum, or living room, which meant conquering Poland and through into the USSR, liquidating the existing populations or using them as slaves, and giving Germans more land and raw materials. Hitler hated communism and he hated the USSR, and Nazism, such as it was, was devoted to crushing the left wing in Germany itself, and then eradicating the ideology from as much of the world as the Nazis could reach. Given that Hitler wanted to conquer Eastern Europe, the presence of the USSR made for a natural enemy. All this was to be achieved under an authoritarian government. Hitler saw democracy, such as the struggling Weimar republic, as weak, and wanted a strong man figure like  Mussolini  in Italy. Naturally, he thought he was that strong man. This dictator would lead a Volksgemeinschaft, a nebulous term Hitler used to roughly mean a German culture filled with old fashioned ‘German’ values, free of class or religious differences. Growth in the Later Twenties Hitler was out of prison for the start of 1925, and within two months he had started to take back control of a party which had divided without him; one new division had produced Strasser’s National Socialist Freedom Party. The Nazis had become a disordered mess, but they were refounded, and Hitler started a radical new approach: the party could not stage a coup, so it must get elected into Weimar’s government and change it from there. This wasn’t ‘going legal’, but pretending to while ruling the streets with violence. To do this, Hitler wanted to create a party which he had absolute control over, and which would put him in charge of Germany to reform it. There were elements in the party which opposed both these aspects, because they wanted a physical attempt on power, or because they wanted power instead of Hitler, and it took a full year before Hitler managed to largely wrestle back control. However there remained criticism and opposition from within the Nazis and one rival leader,  Gregor Strasser, didn’t just remain in the party, he became hugely important in the growth of Nazi power (but he was murdered in the Night of the Long Knives for his opposition to some of Hitler’s core ideas.) With Hitler mostly back in charge, the party focused on growing. To do this it adopted a proper party structure with various branches throughout Germany, and also created a number of offshoot organizations to better attract a wider range of support, like the Hitler Youth or the Order of German Women. The twenties also saw two key developments: a man called Joseph Goebbels switched from Strasser to Hitler and was given the role of  Gauleiter  (a regional Nazi leader) for the extremely difficult to convince and socialist Berlin. Goebbels revealed himself to be a genius at propaganda and new media, and would assume a key role in the party managing just that in 1930. Equally, a personal bodyguard of blackshirts was created, dubbed the SS: Protection Squad or Schutz Staffel. By 1930 it had two hundred members; by 1945 it was the most infamous army in the world. With membership quadrupling to over 100,000 by 1928, with an organized and strict party, and with many other right-wing groups subsumed into their system, the Nazis could have thought themselves a real force to be reckoned with, but in the 1928 elections they polled terrible low results, winning just 12 seats. People on the left and in the center began to consider Hitler a comic figure who wouldn’t amount to much, even a figure who could be easily manipulated. Unfortunately for Europe, the world was about to experience problems which would pressure Weimar Germany into cracking, and Hitler had the resources to be there when it happened.

Annotated Bibliography Of Biographical Data Essay - 741 Words

Biographical data: First name: _______________ Middle name: ________ Last name: ______________ Address: _______________________________ City: __________ State: __________ Post code: ________ Phone: _____________ Emergency contact: _______________ Age: _____ Date of Birth: __________ Gender: _____ Marital status: ____________ Nationality or ethnicity: ___________ Religion or spiritual practices: _____________ Occupation: _____________ According to Weber Kelley (2014) the biographical data information, such as name, address, age, date of birth and gender could help identify the person. In addition, the patient’s martial status, nationality and religion could help nurses to examine the person’s belief or special needs that may affect the healthcare treatments. Furthermore, the information of the person’s occupation can help identify their possible strengths and limitations that could affect their health status as some works might be a cause of overwhelming stress, which would have an influence on his or her health. Reason for seeking care: - Tell me why you are here today. - What is your major health problem or concerns at this time? These questions give nurses an opportunity to apply a holistic and person centred care approach to listen to the client’s most important current health concerns (Weber Kelley (2014). Patients’ perception of present state of health: - When did you first begin having this problem? - How long have you experienced it? - Has it become worse,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Romantic Poetry1126 Words   |  5 Pagesthe writers fairly early in most cases. These are two poems representing two facets of Romanticism; beauty and love, and youth, with inevitable death. Not one group in history better illustrated these four concepts than the Romantics. Annotated Bibliography In junior-high school I developed an interest in poetry. I started writing poems about all kinds of things. In my English class in eighth grade we learned about the Romantics. They were a group of authors and poets in the mid 1700’s to 1800’sRead More Social Penetration Essay2900 Words   |  12 Pagesinformation exchanges between subjects by asking them to indicate what they had told their roommates about themselves. The final data indicated that as the semester progressed, roommates reported disclosure of an increasingly greater amount of information to one another, engaged in more joint activities, and became more accurate in assessing each others biographical-demographic characteristics and in estimating each others attitudes and values (Altman and Taylor, 1973, p. 81). The secondRead MoreDeveloping Effective Research Proposals49428 Words   |  198 PagesPublications Ltd 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd 32, M-Block Market Greater Kailash-I New Delhi 110 048 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7619 6355 3 ISBN 0 7619 6356 1 (pbk) Library of Congress catalog record available Typeset by Type Study, Scarborough, North Yorkshire Printed in Great Britain by The Cromwell

Marjane Satrapi s Persepolis - 1728 Words

Marjane Satrapi deliberately uses an interesting layout usually used in successful comic books that convey deep messages. The layout of the graphics in Persepolis include elements such as panels, gutters, and graphic weight. The panels, or distinct segments of a comic containing a combination of images and texts, provide transitions that are instantaneous and direct. For example, on page seven, Satrapi uses a panel to show an innocent conversation with her grandmother about the rules she will assign once she becomes a prophet. The author also uses gutters - the space between framed panels- to clearly show where time happens. For instance, on page three, a gutter is used between two images to show the Islamic Revolution taking place in 1979†¦show more content†¦Based upon the images Satrapi uses, it is evident that the comics allow her to not only reflect on the memories of being surrounded by constant chaos and dramatic changes in her life, but also to convey to readers the amount of obligations she was forced to follow because of the Islamic Revolution and the fear her and her family faced because of their liberal nature in a conservative country like Iran. We can conclude this by realizing how many images in the first chapter show events like protesting and speeches that revolved around forcing people to follow a certain religion and culture. Historical Context Satrapi’s graphic fiction heavily revolves around the political history of Iran. Even the chapter’s name, â€Å"The Veil†, refers to an obligation - forcing young girls and women to wear veils in public - impelled upon Iranian civilians as a result of the Islamic Revolution. One important fact to keep in mind is that before the Islamic Revolution in 1980, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979, charted a course of modernization for Iran. In 1963, he launched theShow MoreRelatedPersepolis : Marjane Satrapi s Persepolis1756 Words   |  8 PagesPersepolis is a graphic novel by Marjane Satrapi, this graphic novel was based on the eyes of a Ten year old that experiences all types of emotions before and after the Islamic revolution, the oppression from the leaders. This novel gives us a brief on the history of Iran and their leaders, to the Embassy being taken over, via how they weren’t allowed to party. They also experience prohibition jus t like the United States in the 1920-1933 and like many countries they didn’t have any freedom. In theRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s Persepolis 1646 Words   |  7 Pages Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis is an expressive memoir of her growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution, the fall of the Shah’s regime and the Iran-Iraq War. Unlike conventional memoirs, she uses the black-and-white comic book form to find her identity through politics and her personal experiences in Iran and it has become effective and relevant in today’s society because she is a normal person that has had to live through extreme circumstances. Marjane has contributed to a wholeRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s Persepolis 1314 Words   |  6 PagesPersepolis is an autobiography of Marjane Satrapi’s childhood in her native Iran. She writes about being a child in Iran through the Iranian revolution and the Iran-Iraq war. As Satrapi recounts stories of her youth, one ca n observe that the Iran-Iraq war and the Iranian revolution are the central events driving the entire story. When the revolution and war happens, the dynamics of the book change completely. War creates a sense of unity and nationalism. Marjane shows a large contrast between herRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s Persepolis 1501 Words   |  7 Pages The Iranian author of Persepolis, Marjane Satrapi, narrates a Bildungsroman showing her growth and development in Iran, as well as a memoir, showing the historical events in Iran. She discusses historical events like the Islamic revolution in 1979, which made it compulsory for the Iranian females to wear veils. Satrapi’s life story is mainly set in Iran, where she shows readers the strict, controlling and oppressive government the Iranians live under as well as the importance of clothing and bodyRead MorePersepolis : Marjane Satrapi s Persepolis1525 Words   |  7 PagesPersepolis Research – Marjane Satrapi Notations: 1. Satrapi was born in Tehran, Iran (the nation’s capital) in the year 1969. The time in which Satrapi was born is critical to the events in her life due to the political turmoil that was occurring in her country. In 1979, at the age of 10, Satrapi witness firsthand the persecution and horrific consequences of the Islamic Revolution. The Islamic Revolution occurred due to the growing opposition lead by Ayatollah Khomeini against Mohammad Reza ShahRead MorePersepolis : Marjane Satrapi s Persepolis Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pagesup. In the autobiography, Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi, the author recounts her life story by applying different literary tools into highlighting and revealing not just the events of her life, but the emotions and thoughts accompanying the events as well. Seeing events occur affects humans much more personally than reading. To put it another way, seeing a stranger getting run over by a car will be more emotionally dramatic than reading it in the news. Therefore, Satrapi chooses to accompany herRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s Story Of The Complete Persepolis Essay1022 Words   |  5 Pagesunfriendly world. This is not a fictitious story. This is an actual event that happened to the author of The Complete Persepolis. Marjane Satrapi, the author of The Complete Persepolis, grew up during the 1979 Revolution. This event changed many people’s lives, either it was for the better or worse is hard to say. Nevertheless, it influenced Satrapi s whole life. In the book, Satrapi expresses her childhood memories through her eyes as a child. Her experiences and ancestry can be clearly shown throughoutRead MoreAnalysis Of Marjane Satrapi s Persepolis 1425 Words   |  6 Pagesto childhood. Political socialization, the process by which an indiv idual attains their political attitudes and values, argues that a number of agents, primarily family influences ideological development (Burnham). In Marjane Satrapi’s graphic autobiographical novel Persepolis, Satrapi affirms the notions of political socialization, specifically the importance of family as the primary agent of socialization, through her depiction of growing up during the Islamic Revolution and the infancy of the IslamicRead MoreAnalysis Of Marjane Satrapi s Persepolis1264 Words   |  6 Pagessociety, ideas of violent loss and laying down your life for your country seem distant, an army’s world. During the Iranian revolution, loss and suffering were weaved into the fabric of their lives. To know Iran was to know war. In Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis, she argues that Marji’s developing views on death and martyrdom serve to personalize our perspective on war. From the beginning of her story, Marji is suspended in limbo between two clashing ideological worlds. She is educatedRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s Persepolis Story1487 Words   |  6 PagesMarjane Satrapi’s Persepolis tells the story of her life as a young girl in Iran during the Islamic Revolution. Satrapi’s story is told through an autobiographical graphic novel which is revolutionary because such stories are often told through more common mediums such as Television interviews and text based novels; this difference helps to set Persepolis apart from other works about revolutionary Iran. The Persian people have been largely dehumanized by mass media in a post September 11th society

Analysis Of A Light Rail Transit (Lrt) System Systems Science and En

Question: Describe the Analysis Of A Light Rail Transit (Lrt) System for Systems Science and Engineering. Answer: Introduction The growth in size and population of the cities has led to pressure over the traditional transport systems as the design capacities of the existing systems are overrun. Another major concern that is prevailing in the world is increasing level of pollution that is affecting the public as well as environment. Hence, various governments have come up with a solution with the increasing pollution level with the introduction of Light Rail Vehicles (LRVs) which is capable of carrying out adequate passengers thus reducing the presence of number of vehicles on the road. Therefore, this report discusses on the system validation, evaluation as well as testing of the Light rail transit system. System design is such an activity to proceed from a recognized set of necessities for a particular system towards a design that can meet the requirements (Siewiorek and Swarz 2012). Apart from that, the lifecycle of system is the proposed view of a system that can address all of the stages of the presence of the system for incorporating conception, development, distribution, design, production, phase-out, retirement, disposal, operation, and support (Neely, Gregory and Platts 2015). This particular report is mainly aimed to implement and analyse the design of this system by illustrating the system test, system validation and the system evaluation of the light rail network along with its efficient operations. Besides that, the study provides a detailed overview of the testing of the system as well as system validation and system evaluation of a particular project of constructing light rail network. On the other hand, the optimization of the design of this project of developing light rail network has also focused to be analysed in this report. Apart from that, the system design operations of the project are also aimed to discuss in regards to the maintainability and reliability. Therefore, the report has focused on giving exact evident in terms of establishing the literature quality wi th through the suitable evidences. Light Rail System Testing Evaluation and Validation It has been pointed out that the Testing and Commissioning (TC) of the light rail system begins after the idea as well as definite configuration stage. The basic role of TC is for guarantying that the specialized as well as venture prerequisites are addressed, and it should be possible parallel to assessment as well as approval. The evaluation of any specific project is nothing but the systematic process to investigate the worth and the merit of a particular object. As per this project evaluation to construct the light rail network, this particular project can be executed as the light rail network (Goodwin, Graebe and Salgado 2014). Apart from that, the fact can also be portrayed that the project of implementing light rail network include the advanced and innovative technologies that result in the less fuel consumption, lower carbon emission and reducing the traffic congestion. The test plan characterizes additionally the reporting and approving systems for all assets (hardware/staff ), the timetable, tests necessary in case of each examination, the wellbeing, and documentation for entire examinations did. A perfect model utilized amid the TC is nothing but the FAT-SIT-SAT-SATOV, segmented into 4 phases to be specific: Factory Acceptance/Inspection Test (FAT), Site Installation Test (SIT), and Site Acceptance Test (SAT) as well as Overall Site Acceptance/Performance Test (SATOV). Factory Acceptance / Inspection Test (FAT) This particular phase is the tools testing component as well as the equipment at the time of the production in the factory or in the same circumstances (Luff, Hindmarsh and Heath 2014). This particular stage of the testing technique confirms that the supply of the equipment as well as the individual components is as per the design and the entire requirements of the project. The factory acceptance test should be accomplished for all the equipment as well as individual components and in association with the systems to all the software and hardware. Site Installation Test (SIT) This particular testing phase follows the process of installing the subsystem and equipment in-site. The major objective of SITs is for demonstrating that all the sub-systems or equipment are wired and installed, are suitable and are checked for operation (Blanchard, Fabrycky and Fabrycky 2014). The tests are mainly comprised of the no-load or standalone tests, visual inspection as well as few operational tests. The Site Installation Test can be carried out on the basis of site by site as well as the railway line sections in phases are equipped and developed. Overall Site Acceptance/Performance Test (SATOV) This particular testing approach can be demonstrated as the set of operations that can prove that the entire system would satisfactorily operate in the proper service (Massie, Chun and Culler 2014). This particular testing process needs the substantial amounts of systems operation on a basis of coordination in such a way that is same as the system operation in the commercial service. It would involve the performance of the entire functional tests o all the systems and equipment with the involvement of operator. Optimization in operations and design of Light Rail Transit In the construction or the design of the light rail network project, the optimization is the integrated process of optimization of the determination of the advanced machineries for the design of the project, revenue, cost of energy, reduction in the traffic congestion and the development of the innovative technology used in this project execution. According to the viewpoint of Friedland (2012), the design of this particular project requires that the engineers should consider that the trade-offs are available among the implementation attributes of the light rail network project in the areas on weight, manufacturability, performance, quality and cost as well. Thus, the system design of the light rail network project need to be optimized for the efficiency as well as the performance early in the cycle of the project design as well as reduce the congestion of traffic. The optimization of the proper execution of the light rail network project can be evaluated in regards to the reliability as well as maintainability. In other words, according to Van Gigch (2013), the most important as well as the most essential fact to design the system of light rail network construction project is that the optimization of designing the project in case of this project is actually evaluated by with the help of the output of reliability as well as maintainability. The reliability along with maintainability operations and activities and the optimization of design of the Light Rail network project, consist of the availability projection of the operation in future and the design changes of the project aiming in the implications in regards to costs through the analysis of cost-benefit. During monitoring the light rail network project, the fact can be implemented that the average reliability could only be achieved there were the extenuation situations that could be explored over the system designing of the project (Obinata and Anderson 2012). The operation managers as well as team of managing the project of light rail network should make a conscious move in terms of finding the new ways for constructing and designing the new buildings in regards to the assurance of the reliability and maintainability factors. the results in terms of transferability of all the technology those gave been utilized in this project execution can be truly got over the modelling and by making a proper utilization of monitoring the studies as the basics for the parameter settings or assurance of reliability and maintainability in relation to the project. Apart from that, the light rail network project has to aim on the implementation of the maintenance strategy in terms of ensuring consistency and maintainability in the design operation of the system of light rail network. According to the viewpoint of Hays and Singer (2012), the process of maintenance strategy can help this Light Rail network construction project for ensuring the fact that the team of managing the project and the team of development are capable enough for performing the proper safeguarding on the appropriate tools with the proper resources (Milanese et al. 2013). The most important fact in regards to this project is that the ultimate optimization of this Light Rail network construction project is the minimization of the traffic congestion on road. On the other hand, another optimization of the project can be perceived through maintaining the environmental sustainability. Human factors in designing concepts It is a very necessary and crucial fact for considering the human factors in the stage of development of the Light Rail network construction project for achieving the efficiency in terms of operations and the projects structure usability (Siewiorek and Swarz 2012). Thus, the human elements in the development and design of this particular project of light rail network construction needed for the effective understanding of several structural design parameters of light rail network. Therefore, it can be stated that the designers who deal with the architecture design are one of the most crucial human factors for the execution of the light rail network project. It is necessary in order to derive different rnecessity for the human factor for designing the factors in regards to the project structure of the light rail network in the procedure of strengthening distinct jobs should be accomplished to complete the process of construction as well as the process of development. As opined by Neely, Gregory and Platts (2015), the efficient breakdown to numerous human elements, which are operating on the light rail network project, assisted in the easy activity management and maintenance. Besides that, according to Luff, Hindmarsh and Heath (2014), the human factors with the execution of the project of light rail network was important for combining of both the responsibilities as well as tasks those have been assigned to them for the proper execution of the activity. The human factors responsibilities with the project involve the decision-making, management implementation, task management as well as task completion efficiency in the ambience that is f ully optimized. While the stage of project implementation is continued, the preliminary project design of constructing the light rail network, it is essential to implement the validation of the design of the light rail network as well as the efficiency determination and the system effectiveness. On the other hand, the static as well as the dynamic elements of the light rail network project are needed for being accessed and managed very effectively by the workers, engineers, managers as well as the architects who are working in the light rail network project (Blanchard, Fabrycky and Fabrycky 2014). The workers who are actually participating in the development and the design of the light rail network project can give effectively the requirements and limitations of the designed light rail network. However, the engineers and the designers as well participating in this project can assist effectively in the process of evaluating and calculating the stress factors impacts and the projects external factors (Friedland 2012). In addition, the effectiveness of the participants or the workers involved in this project also assists in order to fulfil the goals behind the implementation of light rail network projects. Conclusion and recommendation The analysis of the operational stability as well as the structural design for the light rail network project is compulsory and important in order to assure the optimization, reliability and maintainability in order to design the project system. The efficiency and the maintainability n the structural architecture and designing the project can be founded with the conduction and the evaluation of testing the system and several element analysis those are affecting stability, reliability and maintainability of light rail network. As per the optimization of this project, reduction of the traffic congestion is the most desired outcome of this particular project, which cannot be accomplished with proper system testing and evaluation. The testing and authorizing of such ventures ought to hold entirely fast to the FAT-SIT-SAT-SATOV model as already examined. In association with the improvement of the operations for the LRTs unwavering quality, as a proposal, a broad examination or attainability on the territories through which the light rail system would pass. It would give solid input on how best for planning and laying the tracks in regions with the era of high trek. References Blanchard, B.S., Fabrycky, W.J. and Fabrycky, W.J., 2014.Systems engineering and analysis(Vol. 4). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Fischer, R.E., Tadic-Galeb, B., Yoder, P.R. and Galeb, R., 2012.Optical system design(pp. 61-95). New York: McGraw Hill. Friedland, B., 2012.Control system design: an introduction to state-space methods. Courier Corporation. Geoffrion, A.M. and Graves, G.W., 2014. Multicommodity distribution system design by Benders decomposition.Management science,20(5), pp.822-844. Goodwin, G.C., Graebe, S.F. and Salgado, M.E., 2014.Control system design(Vol. 240). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hays, R.T. and Singer, M.J., 2012.Simulation fidelity in training system design: Bridging the gap between reality and training. Springer Science Business Media. Luff, P., Hindmarsh, J. and Heath, C., 2014.Workplace studies: Recovering work practice and informing system design. Cambridge university press. Massie, M.L., Chun, B.N. and Culler, D.E., 2014. The ganglia distributed monitoring system: design, implementation, and experience.Parallel Computing,30(7), pp.817-840. Milanese, M., Norton, J., Piet-Lahanier, H. and Walter, . eds., 2013.Bounding approaches to system identification. Springer Science Business Media. Neely, A., Gregory, M. and Platts, K., 2015. Performance measurement system design: a literature review and research agenda.International journal of operations production management,15(4), pp.80-116. Obinata, G. and Anderson, B.D., 2012.Model reduction for control system design. Springer Science Business Media. Siewiorek, D.P. and Swarz, R.S., 2012.The theory and practice of reliable system design. Digital press. Van Gigch, J.P., 2013.System design modeling and metamodeling. Springer Science Business Media. Walls, J.G., Widmeyer, G.R. and El Sawy, O.A., 2012. Building an information system design theory for vigilant EIS.Information systems research,3(1), pp.36-59.

Vietnam The Unending War Essay Example For Students

Vietnam The Unending War Essay The Vietnam war is the most terrible and senseless war America has ever fought. Never since their own civil war was the world most powerful country divided in such terrible anger. The leading historian on the war in Vietnam George C. Herring poses two very important questions in his essay American and Vietnam the Unending War. These two questions have been boggling the Americans minds since the beginning of the war in Indochina up to today when the US faces similar crises but is afraid to due to something called the Vietnam syndrom something that has plagued the American minds since the cease fire in Vietnam 1975. Why did the united States invest so much blood and treasure in an area so remote and of so little apparent significance, and secondly, why despite its vast power did the United States fail to achieve its objects? Herring approaches these questions from a variety of different sides which somewhat explain the struggle and the pain the misunderstood country had to go through. After WWII most of the countries such as Britain and the Netherlands gave up their colonies in Indochina. France on the other hand decided to regain power and put down the revolutionary nationalistic movement, by force that was plaguing Vietnam. The communist Ho Chi Minh had developed a communist, nationalistic movement against the french in order to be free of colonialism and establish a Marxist state in Vietnam. France at the time and still today is one of Americas strongest allies. Therefore and for many other political reasons, such as the prevention of the spread of communism, made the US aid France and support them with their mission. This was so to say the beginning of a variety of incidents that finally brought the US to war with Vietnam. Of all the nationalistic movements and revolutions in Indochina, the Vietnamese was the only one supported by communism. This was of great concern to the U.S. who feared that the soviet union had their hands in this as a plan of slowly gaining power over the entire east, and eventually the entire world. Herring writes From the outset Americans viewed Ho and the Vietminh as instruments of the Soviet drive for world domination,.. After the fall of china to communism in 1949, the US feared that if then also Vietnam would fall to communism finally the rest of Indochina, which found itself in similar unstable conditions as Vietnam, will fall to communism to. Soviet expansion had reached a point beyond which it must be permitted to go. A so-called domino theory was adopted, where when one falls all will eventually fall. Herring explains: Because of its location on chinas southern border and because it appeared in the most imminent danger, Vietnam was considered crucial. If it fell, all of Southeast Asia might be lost, denying the United States access to important raw materials and strategic waterways. After the defeat of France in 1954, the US aided to create a non-Communist, democratic, south Vietnamese state in hope that their financial aid and political assistance would strengthen the population and prevent any further spreading of Communism. The Cold War started taking desperate measures and the U.S. particularly in the Kennedy-Johnson era was very concerned with the security of western Europe. It was the US concern that if they would back out in the worsening Vietnam situation, it would portray a certain weakness to its enemy Russia and could provoke conflicts in western Europe, particularly over Berlin, that could end in a nuclear war. if they showed firmness in one area, it would deter the adversary in a another; if they showed weakness the adversary would be tempted to take steps that might leave no option but nuclear war. A further reason Herring portrays is the effect on the political situation at home which could have been quit crucial if Vietnam would have pulled out. Another loss to communism would have devastating outcomes on presidential elections. To prevent loss of votes marked another great aspect of why the Presidential administrations couldnt simply leave Indochina to its destiny. Harring writes the assumption shared by administrations from Harry S. Truman to Lyndon B. Johnson that the fall of Vietnam to communism would have disastrous political consequences at home. These main reasons, the prevention of the spread of Communism, the prevention of Nuclear war in Europe, together with political issues and troubles developing and finally to show its determination to defend its vital world interests, the United States put them selves in a position that was brave yet damaging its image all over the world. The point of prevention of nuclear war is particularly back up by Professor Francis X. Winters in his book The Year of the Hare. In his close study on the years of the Kennedy administration and the undergone coup on the South vietnamese leader and long term Allie Ngo Dinh Diem, he makes clear that it was Kennedys idea to keep on focusing on Vietnam in order to distract a War that could have otherwise happened in Europe and could have meant the end of humanity or at least the destruction of the entire northern hemisphere. Winters writes For I was to discover during interviews in the late 1980s and early 1990s, that President Kennedy and Secretary of State Dean Rusk had raised the American ante in Vietnam precisely in order to lower the risk of a nuclear confrontation in a European war. Trail of tears EssayEnglish Essays